Strategic Planning of General Electric

Jill Ridgley General Electric Strategic Planning During the 1980s General Electric’s Chairman, Jack Welch, turned out to be profoundly powerful and similarly questionable in the realm of vital administration. Despite the fact that Welch concentrated on increasing upper hand for his association, he likewise started cutting back and rebuilding GE. GE’s key arranging and operational endeavors started a move toward Total Quality Management and improving profitability. (WriteWork givers. â€Å"Levels of Planning in Management† WriteWork. om) The 1990s achieved a restored intrigue and fixation on key arranging, as mergers and acquisitions expanded in recurrence alongside an increasing pace of complex joint endeavors. Such patterns concentrated key anticipating advancement through decentralized models, utilizing center skills and rising procedure. So as to build up an arrangement, there are a few rules that should be recollected. The principle objective is to keep up bu siness activities, taking a gander at what you have to do to convey a base degree of administration and usefulness is important.Thus far in the 21st century (2000s), GE’s vital arranging proceeds towards a direction of increasing upper hand, however with the additional component of creating and supporting authoritative development. As General Electric looks to methodology to assist them with wrestling with issues that incorporate accommodating size with adaptability and responsiveness, arranging has developed increasingly mind boggling. This can be ascribed to some degree an inexorably joined worldwide commercial center and developing number of serious powers that have went with that change.Likewise, arranging multifaceted nature has been influenced by the financial troubles of the 2000s, which have driven organizations to frame numerous new unions, associations and mergers. The net impact of these progressions has brought about the requirement for agreeable procedures, bring ing about all the more arranging and execution multifaceted nature. Also, the 2000s have achieved changes in ecological duties and corporate social obligation. Inside the previous quite a while, GE has been investigating how their vital arranging will help with the ecomagination for the new â€Å"greener† items that are an ig rivalry now for the earth. Confronted with the most noticeably terrible financial conditions since the Great Depression, organizations no matter how you look at it are adjusting their practices and techniques. GE’s vital arranging has changed from a procedure of attempting to anticipate the future to one of taking a gander at what we â€Å"know†, looking at current-state real factors so as to manufacture compelling change methodologies for the future and utilizing exercises gained from the past.

Soil Erosion in Africa

Soil Erosion in Africa Soil disintegration in Africa compromises food and fuel supplies and can add to environmental change. For longer than a century, governments and help associations have attempted to battle soil disintegration in Africa, frequently with restricted impact. The Problem Today As of now, 40% of soil in Africa is debased. Corrupted soil decreases food creation and prompts soil disintegration, which thus adds to desertification. This is especially troubling since, as indicated by the UNs Food and Agriculture Organization, some 83% of sub-Saharan African individuals rely upon the land for their business, and food creation in Africa should increment practically 100% by 2050 to stay aware of populace requests. The entirety of this makes soil disintegration a squeezing social, financial, and ecological issue for some African nations. Reasons for Erosion Disintegration happens when wind or downpour divert topsoil. How much soil is diverted relies upon how solid the downpour or wind is just as the dirt quality, geology (for instance, inclined versus terraced land), and the measure of ground vegetation. Solid topsoil (like soil secured with plants) is less erodible. Set forth plainly, it remains together better and can assimilate more water. Expanded populace and improvement put more noteworthy weight on soils. More land is cleared and less left decrepit, which can drain the dirt and increment water run-off. Overgrazing and poor cultivating procedures can likewise prompt soil disintegration, yet it is imperative to recall that not all causes are human; atmosphere and common soil quality are additionally significant components to consider in tropical and uneven areas. Bombed Conservation Efforts During the pilgrim time, state governments attempted to constrain workers and ranchers to receive logically affirmed cultivating methods. A considerable lot of these endeavors were planned for controlling African populaces and didn't consider critical social standards. For example, frontier officials constantly worked with men, even in territories where ladies were liable for cultivating. They additionally gave barely any motivating forces - just disciplines. Soil disintegration and consumption proceeded, and provincial dissatisfaction over pilgrim land plans helped fuel patriot developments in numerous nations. Of course, most patriot governments in the post-autonomy period attempted to work with provincial populaces as opposed to compel change. They supported training and effort programs, however soil disintegration and poor yield proceeded, to a limited extent in light of the fact that nobody took a gander at what ranchers and herders were really doing. In numerous nations, first class policymakers had urban foundations, they despite everything would in general assume that country people groups existing strategies were uninformed and dangerous. Global NGOs and researchers likewise worked off of presumptions about laborer land utilize that are currently being raised doubt about. Late Research As of late, more research has gone into both the reasons for soil disintegration and into what are named indigenous cultivating strategies and information about practical use. This exploration has detonated the fantasy that worker strategies were innately constant, customary, inefficient techniques. Some cultivating designs are damaging, and research can distinguish to better ways, however progressively researchers and policymakers are underlining the need to draw the best from logical research and laborer information on the land. Current Efforts to Control Ebb and flow endeavors, despite everything incorporate effort and instruction ventures, but at the same time are concentrating on more prominent research and utilizing laborers or giving different impetuses to taking part in manageability ventures. Such ventures are customized to neighborhood ecological conditions and can incorporate framing water catchments, terracing, planting trees, and financing manures. There have likewise been various transnational and universal endeavors to secure soil and water supplies. Wangari Maathai won the Nobel Peace Prize for setting up the Green Belt Movement, and in 2007, the pioneers of a few African states over the Sahel made the Great Green Wall Initiative, which has just expanded forestation in focused zones. Africa is additionally part of the Action against Desertification, a $45 million program that incorporates the Caribbean and Pacific. In Africa, the program is financing ventures that will ensure backwoods and topsoil while creating salaries for country networks. Various other national and worldwide activities are in progress as soil disintegration in Africa increases more noteworthy consideration from policymakers and social just as natural associations. Sources Chris Reij, Ian Scoones, Calmilla Toulmin (eds). : Indigenous Soil and Water Conservation in AfricaSustaining the Soil (Earthscan, 1996) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Soil is a non-inexhaustible asset. infographic, (2015). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Soil is a non-inexhaustible asset. flyer, (2015). Worldwide Environmental Facility, Great Green Wall Initiative (got to 23 July 2015) Kiage, Lawrence, Perspectives on the accepted reasons for land corruption in the rangelands of Sub-Saharan Africa. Progress in Physical Geography Mulwafu, Wapulumuka. : A History of Peasant-State Relations and the Environment in Malawi, 1860-2000.Conservation Song (White Horse Press, 2011).

Blog Archive Columbia University (Columbia Business School) Essay Analysis, 2008-2009

Blog Archive Columbia University (Columbia Business School) Essay Analysis, 2008-2009 CBS’s essay questions have changed dramatically from last year â€" all that remains is essay one, an old standby. What will be disappointing to some is the disappearance of the longstanding fourth essay on a passion â€" a surefire way to diversify an MBA candidacy and ensure that personality is revealed. Our analysis of CBS three essays follows… What are your short-term and long-term post-MBA goals? How will Columbia Business School help you achieve these goals? (Recommended 750 word limit) : * Because Personal Statements are similar from one application to the next, we have produced the “MBA Mission Personal Statement Guide.” We offer this guide to candidates free of charge, via our online store.   Please feel free to download your copy today.   For additional information on the  Columbia Business School experience, please consult the MBA Mission Insiders Guide series. Master Classes are the epitome of bridging the gap between theory and practice at Columbia Business School. View link below. Please provide an example from your own life in which practical experience taught you more than theory alone. (Recommended 500 word limit) : View with Real Player: http://merlin.gsb.columbia.edu:8080/ramgen/video1/faculty/MasterClass-promo.rm View via Google: http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-4698876883776961370hl=en CBS has replaced a fairly confusing question about how an MBA will prepare you for a rapidly changing world, (an essay that frustrated many applicants last year) with a far more straightforward question that (like last year) forces the reader to go online and learn about a facet of the Columbia experience â€" in this case, the Master Class. While the information itself is entertaining and educational, the video is only tangentially related to the core question, which requires you to describe a time when practice trumped theory. Candidates should resist the temptation to fawn on CBS and laud the Master Class and should instead focus on providing an example of such a case. Although we noted that this question is more straightforward than last year’s, it will still be challenging to answer. An obvious starting point for candidates is to consider times when they have learned something theoretically. However, you need not only think of times when you were in a college classroom or some sort of corporate training event. You should expand your concept of theory to include all times when you were presented with orf considered ideas. Indeed, a commentator on TV or the fellow who owns the breakfast shop that you frequent (not to forget your own times of reflection and imagination) can all present valid theories that you have actually put into practice. You should certainly show that you were/are open to ideas and that you are willing to test them. However, it is the process of testing that you, like CBS, should emphasize. So, if the first part of your essay is an explanation of how you were captivated by an idea, the second part should be the testing and learning. Clearly, we need to understand a contrast between these two phases in order to validate the argument that CBS presents. In this essay question, CBS does not explicitly ask for your key learnings, but it is appropriate for you to offer them nonetheless. By reflecting on your experience, you will emphasize the power of practice, in  teaching/learning enduring lessons.   Please provide an example of a team failure of which youve been a part. If given a second chance, what would you do differently? (Recommended 500 word limit) : The crucial word in this essay question is “team.” Indeed, this is not a question about an individual failure. So, you should not attempt to stretch an essay about an individual failure to fit this question. You should, instead, attempt to identify a time when a team did not achieve its desired results (it will be important to “show” this time through a narrative structure) and analyze how and where the breakdown occurred, generally being diplomatic about assessing responsibility and sharing some of the “blame” yourself.   It is important to note that a team failure does not need to be the story of a chaotic breakdown with people throwing chairs at each other. A failure can occur due to a passive approach to a problem â€" for example, the team does not understand its responsibilities and those senior to the team are not empowering the team to make choices. Regardless of the nature of the failure itself, it will be important for you to show that you have a nuanced understanding of the dynamics and that you are able to reflect and present a compelling theory (yes, theory!) for how you would have otherwise approached this situation. Share ThisTweet Blogroll

Abnormal Behavior, A Term That Is Often Thrown Around Without

Abnormal behavior, a term that is often thrown around without having the proper knowledge of the actual definition. Abnormal behavior goes way beyond just acting or behaving differently than what one might consider your â€Å"average Joe†. Abnormal behavior is behavior that interferes with everyday living when one cannot function with everyday tasks only then the behavior can be considered abnormal. Depression is an abnormal behavior being that it affects Persistent Depressive Disorder also known as PDD or it’s late name of Dysthymia is a chronic type state of depression in which a person’s mood is regularly low but does not hold symptoms as severe as major depression. The symptoms generally last in adult for about 2 years while in children and†¦show more content†¦The feeling of being sad, angry and irritable are generally normal and subside within a week or two but for some women it doesn’t go away just that easy, for some women the depression s ticks and begins to negatively affect their everyday life. The rate of successful suicides for males is higher because men tend to men turn to a more violent side of coping they become frustrated, discouraged, irritable, angry, and sometimes abusive. Some men even throw themselves into their work to avoid talking about their depression with family or friends, or behave recklessly. Most men don t seek help in any form or even talk about the challenging disorder they are facing and an effect of that would be the depression getting worse, absorbing them. There are some women that too allow their PDD to go untreated and deal with it by just not talking about it. A sort of personal experience with PDD is with a close relative of mine, who has been dealing with PDD for three years now and it has greatly affected her. She described waking up everyday with a heavy heart, she could not remember a day when she did not feel this way, the feeling you get when you lose a close relative, that is the feeling she woke up with each morning. For as long as she can remember each day she was sadden by the fact that she had awaken once again and would have to live through yet another sad and gloomy day yet she could not figure out why each day felt this way. Imagine wakingShow MoreRelatedMental Disorder Research Paper1530 Words   |  7 Pagesmental health is the way humans react to, think about, and feel about what goes on in their everyday lives. It is a psychosomatic and emotional state of being. Throughout history, people with odd or dangerous behaviors were seen as witches or ones possessed by evil spirits. These people were thrown in prisons or institutions to isolate them from others. Not too long ago, in the 1950’s with a great deal of research and much more highly developed technology many people with mental disorders have been treatedRead MorePublic Association Between Violent Gun Crimes And Mental Illness1868 Words   |  8 PagesSince Barack Obama’s sec ond full term in office, not a single full calendar week has gone by without some sort of mass shooting. A mass shooting is defined as â€Å" an incident in which four or more people are shot,† and a Sunday-to-Saturday week has not passed without one of these incidents in more than a year (Bump, 2015). So, what gives? Following a mass shooting crime, one of the first things that always comes up is the perpetrator’s mental health: Was the shooter mentally ill? In recent years, theRead MoreThe Impact of Teenage Pregnancy1987 Words   |  8 Pagespregnancy are the most important. A mother needs to be aware of the pregnancy for such reasons as: taking prenatal vitamins, smoking cigarettes, drinking or any prescription taking while being pregnant (Bodeeb 2011). Those acts may cause serious long term birth defects and medical complications for the baby. Certain tests need to be performed while in the first few months of a pregnancy as well to make sure there are not any com plications. At four months the Down syndrome test is performed on the childRead MoreThe Study of Satan: Demonology3669 Words   |  15 Pagesshe can master the human, but the power of the devil is not nothing compared to the power of God. Satan blurry and shaky because of the name of the Lord Jesus Christ. Early Demonology Demonology is a doctrine which states that a persons abnormal behavior is caused by the influence of an evil spirit or demon powers or studies on Satan / Devil and its properties. Christians when talking about Demonology, the name Lucifer became a major role. Because western Christians generally follow interpretationsRead MoreA Response to the Article on Society and Gender3698 Words   |  15 Pagesï » ¿SOCIETY AND GENDER ARTICLE RESPONSE How did your upbringing shape your gender behavior? Do you agree or disagree with Blum that both biology and society are responsible for our gender behavior? I agree completely with Blum. Specifically, I appreciate the way that she describes gender-specific behaviors as faint signals that get amplified by the socialization process and to our being born with predispositions toward gender-specific behavioral norms. Both experimental animal studiesRead Morethis is a college paper on MENTAL ILLNESS AS A SOCIAL PROBLEM3884 Words   |  16 Pageslikely to occur within the next decade and why ............p.12 V. Works Cited ...........................................................................p. 14 Overview of Mental Illness Mental illness seems to be a growing problem in societies all around the world. Until the mid-twentieth century a large proportion of people who were classified as mentally ill and admitted to mental hospitals were actually suffering from physical ailments like epilepsy and brain tumors. Today researchers are learningRead MoreGhetto Life Under the Nazis2347 Words   |  10 Pages The term â€Å"ghettos† was first used in relation to Jews in the year 1516 when the Venetian government designated a specified living area for its Jewish population. During World War II, they were established by the Nazis to isolate and control the Jews as a first step in their eventual annihilation (Ghettos). Throughout the War, the Nazis established over 400 ghettos in Eastern Europe and Russia for this purpose. The Nazi ghetto overseers appointed Jewish councils, called the Judenrat, to maintainRead MoreResearch Proposal : Anorexia Nervosa6654 Words   |  27 Pages|6 |REFERENCES |31 | CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Anorexia nervosa is a psychiatric disorder characterized by abnormal eating behavior, severe self-induced weight loss, and psychiatric comorbidities. People with anorexia have an extreme fear of gaining weight, which causes them to try to maintain a weight far less than normal. They will do almost anything to avoid gainingRead MoreBrain Injuries, Sports, And The Military Essay3500 Words   |  14 Pagesmentions that depending on what part of the brain the injury occurred it can lead to a variety of altercations in the brain function. If the injury occurred in the frontal lobes, patients will have difficulties with problem solving and changes in social behavior or changes in personality. At the parietal lobes, problems could consist of the inability to multi-task and difficulties with hand and eye coordination. The occipital lobes cause problems with location of objects in an environment and inaccuratelyRead MoreMethods of Communication in Nursing3303 Words   |  13 Pagesth e Way We Live, Love, Parent, and Lead, â€Å"The surest thing I took away from my BSW, MSW, and PhD in social work is this: Connection is why were here. We are hardwired to connect with others, its what gives purpose and meaning to our lives, and without it there is suffering† (Munro 2013, p.1). Nurses develop communication skills on the job. Nurses communicate in a number of different ways: orally while listening and speaking, visually while reading and composing visuals, and non-verbally while

amy tan Essay - 1307 Words

Amy Tan’s â€Å"Two Kinds† is an autobiographical look into her childhood that shows the conflict between Tan and her mother, the difference between old and new cultures, the past and the present, and parents’ expectations vs. reality. Couples of opposing elements comprise the basis of the entire story; to another extent even the title itself, â€Å"Two Kinds,† shows the friction that Tan creates. The strongest argument that Tan suggest is that this may not only be a look into her own life, rather it may be the struggles that every child and parent goes through as they come into age. As the story advances, Tan’s journey of struggle through the relationship with her overbearing mother is unraveled. A sense of emotional growth and mutual respect can†¦show more content†¦Such a sad, ugly girl! I made high - pitched noises like a crazed animal, trying to scratch out the face in the mirror.† Tan expresses these emotions, as she is upset wi th not being as good as her mother is expecting. Her mother makes her feel as if she is not as good as she should be, though this strong attack maybe as simple as a failed attempt of Tan’s mother trying to make her realize that she is not fulfilling her own potential. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The most important parts of the story come in regards to the piano lessons that Tan is â€Å"forced† into taking. During the course of the piano lessons Tan and her mother unleash their vented emotions in a strong exchange quot;Why dont you like me the way I am?quot; I cried. quot;Im not a genius! I cant play the piano. Mother slapped me. quot;Who ask you to be genius?quot; she shouted. quot;Only ask you be your best. For you sake. You think I want you to be genius? Hnnh! What for! Who ask you! So ungrateful,quot; This strong exchange is large basis for argument of the misinterpreted attempts of each character. Tan herself is only trying to be do her best as her mother wants, even though her mother thinks that she is not trying as much as she really can. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The next largeShow MoreRelatedAmy Tan Essay1532 Words   |  7 Pages Amy Tan Amy Tan was born in 1952, in Oakland, California to Chinese immigrants John and Daisy Tan. Her family eventually settled in Santa Clara. When Tan was in her early teens, her father and one of her brothers died of brain tumors within months of each other. During this period Tan learned that her mother had been married before, to an abusive husband in China. After divorcing him, her mother fled China during the Communist takeover, leaving three daughters behind who she wouldRead MoreFish Cheeks By Amy Tan958 Words   |  4 PagesAmy Tan’s short story, Fish Cheeks, outlines the general idea of self-acceptance. As the narrator, fourteen year old Tan declares her love for her minister’s son, Robert, who unlike herself, is â€Å"as white as Mary in the manger† (Tan 1). This crush is anything but healthy, primarily because Tan is reluctant to reveal her true self to him. This hesitance she portrays is strikingly recognizable in the teenagers of today’s world. A my Tan s story, Fish Cheeks, is significant to the adolescents of todayRead MoreAmy Tan: A Brief Biography757 Words   |  3 PagesAmy Tan is an American Chinese writer most notably known for her critically acclaimed novel The Joy Luck Club, amongst many others. Amy Ruth Tan was born on February 19, 1952, in Oakland California to John and Daisy Tan. Both of Amy’s parents were Chinese immigrants who fled from China to escape hardships. Amy’s mother, Daisy, divorced her abusive husband and left behind three daughters before immigrating to the United States and marrying Amy’s father, John. The marriage produced three children,Read MoreThe Age Of Six, By Amy Tan1816 Words   |  8 PagesAmy Tan, a 64 year-old Chinese-American novelist, believed that her life was tough and horrendous as a child. She said, â€Å"‘I remember that starting at the age of six, I had thoughts of suicide†¦The fact that I had those thoughts when I was very young was an indicati on that I was a very gloomy kid. I had some ways of thinking that were not healthy,’† (â€Å"Interview† 2). Her thoughts of wanting to disappear from the world were due to her roots, which were planted in a miserable family history, a hard, strictRead More`` Two Kinds By Amy Tan1460 Words   |  6 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Two Kinds† by Amy Tan is a story that shows a battle that starts with the narrator and her mother, for control over the narrator’s life. Her mother wanted her to become a prodigy, but she wanted to be anything other than that. So, throughout the short story â€Å"Two Kinds† she’s determined to not quit the fight. â€Å"Two Kinds† is filled with different forms of conflict which allows for the narrator to realize that her mother’s crazy antics were to help her find what she was good at. Which leadsRead MoreA Pair Of Tickets By Amy Tan1651 Words   |  7 Pages A Pair of Tickets Amy Tan was Chinese –American, born in San Francisco to Chinese immigrants. Amy didn’t set out to be a writer, but she loved writing. When she wrote the Joy Luck Club, it was about stories from four different families that met every week and played mahjong, ate Chinese food, and told stories. Amy didn’t realize how much of these stories she absorbed growing up. Amy never set out to write about her own life, but when she began writing, she realized she had unconscientiously subsumedRead MoreThe Joy Luck Club By Amy Tan1192 Words   |  5 Pages(H) The life of women has drastically changed throughout the ages. (CIS) The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan portrays life in America and in China in the 1930’s for women. (GS1) When stories are true, there is more power behind them. (GS2) Novels need accuracy for the book to have feeling. (GS3) A rave-worthy novel needs truth to really draw the reader in. (thesis) Author Amy Tan accurately portrays life for Chinese women i n the 1930’s and it enhances the power of the novel because the stories have trueRead MoreThe Two Kinds By Amy Tan1272 Words   |  6 Pagesrepresenting 11% of the national population. The children of such immigrants in the U.S., also known as second generation immigrants, experience a cultural conflict between that of their parents and that of mainstream U.S. society† (Wikipedia 1). Amy Tan the author of â€Å"Two Kinds†, and the young character in the story both are a second generation immigrants, who have struggled in their life with parents, about the culture they assimilating and their real culture. In the â€Å"Two Kinds† story the authorRead MoreAmy Tan s Two Kinds Essay1372 Words   |  6 PagesJing-Mei Woo and her mother are the major characters in Amy Tan’s â€Å"Two Kinds.† The two have a complicated mother-daughter relationship at the beginning of the story, but later, as an adult, Jing-Mei realizes the intentions of her mother. â€Å"Two Kinds† is told from Jing-Mei’s point of view as a mature adult who is reflecting on her childhood. Jing-Mei’s thoughts and feelings are revealed, but she and her mother, the antagonist, have conflictingly opposite desires. Jing-Mei’s mother desires for herRead MoreTwo Kinds by Amy Tan Essay981 Words   |  4 Pages In the short story, Two Kinds by Amy Tan, a Chinese mother and daughter are at odds with each other. The mother pushes her daughter to become a prodigy, while the daughter (like most children with immigrant parents) seeks to find herself in a world that demands her America nization. This is the theme of the story, conflicting values. In a society that values individuality, the daughter sought to be an individual, while her mother demanded she do what was suggested. This is a conflict within

Speech Parallel Universe Is Exist - 1127 Words

Title of Speech: Parallel Universe Specific Purpose: To persuade the audience that Parallel Universe is exist. Thesis Statement: I am here to persuade you that Parallel Universe is exist, it is possible because the scientist discovery and theory. Introduction I. Attention-getter/Opener: I am going to tell a little phenomenon about something we might have had, the Deja vu. People some time have the experience of familiar with someone, or some scene, However, those people were never had a chance to touch or contact with the familiar subjects. For instance, you saw, a girl or boy you know it is a destiny for you and he/her together. Or you went to a place, suddenly, standing there looking at it, which is the same in your memory and you could not figure out how does this happen. II. Connection with audience (why the topic is important to them): So how does this phenomenon tell? There is a scientific explanation, you were shared some part of parallel universe in memory or vision. III. Establish credibility: As I am science fan and read a lot physics book in the last 15 years, and I have done much reading and thinking on this topic. Therefore, I feel I am confident to speak to you to share my options. IV. Thesis Statement: I am here to persuade you that Parallel universe is exist, and explain why. V. Preview main points: I will tell who developed this theory? What is this theory is about? How does it Influence it in reality. (Now that I will tell the history of theShow MoreRelatedQuantum Neural Network Essay1014 Words   |  5 PagesThe neurons in the network work together to solve specic problems. The network can be trained to do various tasks like pattern recognition, data classication,function approximation etc. ANNs are widely used in the elds of computer vision and speech recognition. 1.1.1 Architecture of an Articial Neural Network 1.1.2 Backpropagation Learning is the way we acquire knowledge about the world around us, and it is through this process of knowledge acquisition, that the environment alters ourRead MoreEssay on Time Travel666 Words   |  3 Pagesthink that collage of stars actually exists? Most of them do not. When you look at the sky at night you are seeing the past because it takes an obscene amount of time for the light from those stars to reach earth, and in that time those stars may have disappeared. It works both ways. When an inhabitant, if there is one, on a planet around the star that you are looking at looks at our sun he is also seeing the past. So here we are, at the main idea of my speech - the possibility of different timesRead MoreThe Individual Versus His Environment in The Stranger and Grendel1674 Words   |  7 Pageswhen analyzing for dominant ideologies, to slap them both with the label of existentialism and be done with it. However, closer scrutiny indicates that whilst both Meursault and Grendel are existential heroes, Grendel, unlike Meursault, exists in a solipsistic universe that runs contrary to his ideology and thusly never experiences the catharsis that Meursault does. As put by Jean-Paul Sartre in his essay Existentialism is a Humanism, â€Å"The other is indispensable to my existence, and equally so toRead MoreEvolution Before Darwin1590 Words   |  7 PagesIt is not an astounding observation to say that there exists (or existed at one point in time) thousands, possibly millions, of stories on Earth. Stories that our innocent young selves were subjected to in elementary school that have influenced the way we see ourselves and those around us, more so than we would like to admit. Stories that our parents have read to us late at night willing us with their words of cats in hats and cows jumping over the moon to shut our eyelids and drift off to sleepRead MoreEssay on Comparing Christianity and Buddhism1675 Words   |  7 Pagessystems reject the â€Å"materialistic inhibition† of biological science and adopt a basically spiritual dimension to the composition of a human being, they differ in many fundamentally important respects. Christ ians believe in one God, which rules the universe and the entire human fate. â€Å"Can any praise the worthy of the Lord’s majesty? How magnificent his strength! How inscrutable his wisdom!† The famous quote of a famous book has put it rather bluntly. Buddhists do not believe in one God, nor doRead MoreFour Quartets And The Four Quartets1784 Words   |  8 Pagesthe location of the observer. In essence, he proved time dilation: or the phenomena that time bends and contracts. Eventually, he realized time dilation is a necessary consequence of keeping the speed of light in a vacuum constant everywhere in the universe, leading him to eventually conclude that space and time are not separate, distinct entities, but one linked dimension: spacetime. This single dimension, because it stretches and contracts, allows for unusual interactions between space and time. TheRead MoreThe Between Sin And Purity1629 Words   |  7 Pagesthemselves of sin and thus seek a closer int imacy with God. There is heavy symbolism in Dante’s portrayal of Paolo and Francesca which reveals the dichotomy between sin and purity that exists in Canto V. Imagery plays a crucial role when it comes to seeing the duality of the second circle. The laws of contrapasso creates a parallel of crimes one committed in life to match the nature of punishment found in death. The atmosphere of the second circle is designed to be the punishment for those who choose theirRead MoreLiterary Criticism Of The Odyssey1604 Words   |  7 PagesIthaca. Northrop Frye explains the value of archetypal literary criticism in helping modern readers appreciate the universal and timeless themes of the epic: † [ Archetypal literacy criticism’s role is in] refashioning the material universe into an alternative verbal universe that is humanly intelligible and viable, because it is adapted to essential human needs and concerns.† Homer’s â€Å"Odyssey† focuses on the archetypal character of Odysseus, and most importantly archetypal themes centred around theRead MoreHierarchies of Importance in Paradise Lost1774 Words   |  8 Pages Through the epic poem Paradise Lost, it is apparent that John Milton believed that all of creation was built on the foundation of hierarchies and authoritative power. This idea is emphasized by Milton’s description of the spiritual existence of the universe and incorporation of the natural chain of being where God is placed at the top of both structures. Multiple scenes throughout the poem signify the importance of these hierarchies and allow both Satan and Eve to cause turmoil, only to be followedRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Tragicomedy The Tempest1935 Words   |  8 PagesPastoral themes produce a visual juxtaposition of the ‘short-grass green,’ ‘acres’ with the excesses of the Jacobean audience, whose extravagant lifestyles Shakespeare critiques against the islands’ Edenic scene. This is further developed in Gonzalo’s speech, whose ‘commonwealth’ is an unlikely, but idyllic utopia. Gonzalo describes a world ‘W ithout sweat or endeavor. Treason, felony,/Sword, pike, knife, gun, or need of any engine,/Would I not have’ and the utopia is paired with undertones of irony; Sebastian

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries

Question: Recent decline in the global oil prices has shown the overarching influence and impact of OPEC member states collective energy policies on the global energy security vis--vis both the oil industry and national economies. Critically discuss different policy measures that Non OPEC member states can take to mitigate the impact of OPECs current trend as an international oil producer cartel? Answer: 1. Introduction 1.1 OPEC The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is an intergovernmental organization which was founded at the Baghdad Conference on 10th to 14th of September 1960. It was formed initially by Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Venezuela and Saudi Arabia (Aalto, 2015). They were later on joined by nine more members like Qatar in 1961, Indonesia in 1962, Libya in 1962, UAE in 1967, Algeria in 1969, Nigeria in 1971, Ecuador in 1973, Angola in 2007 and Gabon from 1975-1994. However, the membership of Indonesia was suspended from January 2009, and that of Ecuador from December 1992 to October 2007. The headquarters of OPEC was in Geneva, Switzerland during the first five years of its operations. On 1st of September 1965, it was moved to Vienna in Austria (Blanchet, 2015).The primary objective of OPEC is to bring in co-ordination and unification in the petroleum policies among the member countries. In this way the organization can keep the prices for the petroleum producing countries fair and stable. By controlling the petroleum producing nations, it can ensure efficient, uninterrupted supply of petroleum to the countries who import these petroleum products. The organization also looks after the interests of the investors who invest in this industry. It ensures a Return of Capital (ROC) to the stakeholders that is fair and just. The leadership team includes Mr. Diezani Alison-Madueke, who is the President and Mr. Abdallah el-Badri, who is the Secretary General of the organization (Carvajal et al. 2013). Figure 1: The office of the OPEC (Source: nationofchange.org, 2014) 1.2 Non OPEC The Non OPEC producers consist of all the countries in the world which produce petroleum products but are not members of the OPEC. There are around 30 Non OPEC countries in the world which deserve special mention on the basis of production (Serrano et al. 2013). These are as Russia, US, China, Mexico, Canada, Norway, Brazil, Kazakhstan, UK, Azerbaijan, Indonesia, Oman, India, Colombia, Argentina, Malaysia, Egypt, Australia, Sudan, Syria, Equatorial Guinea, Yemen, Vietnam, Congo Brazzaville, Denmark, Gabon, Brunei, Trinidad Tobago and Tunisia. It may be noted that 60 percent of the worlds oil production comes from the Non OPEC countries. They face various problems related to production. It has been observed by the experts that the Non OPEC countries have primitive wells which are less productive. They also have to face rising costs for the upcoming projects. They also face higher demands at their domestic market that leads to decrease in exports. The rising prices have made the tough oil projects more attractive which has led to increase in unconventional production of oil but that may also change. Fall in Non OPEC production occurs when investment becomes difficult in new petroleum production as a result of the credit markets becoming tight, volatility of oil prices and nationalism of resources (Chang et al. 2013).The National Petroleum Council has conducted a study in 2007 which shows that the international oil market is in the threshold of a time where the demand is increasing while the supplies remain limited. According to the Energy Information Agency of the US Energy Department, out of the fifteen of the leading oil producers of the world, seven are outside of the OPEC (Creti et al. 2015). Figure 2: OPEC and Non OPEC oil supply comparison (Source: therationalpessimist.com, 2015) 2. The policies adopted by the Non OPEC countries to reduce monopoly of the OPEC countries The Non OPEC countries have for long been just at the mercy of the OPEC countries. All the oil issues relating to the petroleum production across the globe are regulated by the OPEC members. The Non OPECs have to follow the guidelines and norms set by the monopoly organization. Since the last few years, the production of crude oil by the Non OPEC countries is increasing substantially. The actual output has beaten the estimates (Nguyen et al. 2015).In the fourth quarter of 2014 the output from the outside countries outnumbered the budgeted figures. To compete with the OPEC countries, the Non OPECs have significantly increased their production. They have given special focus to improve their old-fashioned wells and other limitation of resources and labor. Presently, the Non OPEC growth in oil supply is somewhere around 2.04 million barrels per day. In 2015, the Non OPEC growth is expected to be around 0.85 million barrels per day (Frisari et al. 2015). This can put pressure on the carte l. This strategy has helped the Non OPEC to increase the production average to 56.33 million barrels per day in 2014. As per the monthly oil market report of the OPEC, in 2015, the Non OPEC oil supply is estimated at an average of 57.16 million barrels per day which indicates a growth of 0.85 million barrels per day. This strategy of production and marketing will help the Non OPEC countries to keep a check on prices by maintaining a steady supply (Stadelmann et al. 2015). The projections show a rise of 18% in total oil production worldwide from the Non OPECs from the year 2002 to 2025. Russia, Africa and the Caspian region are mention worthy in this regard. But it accounts for a 30% shortage in the projected demand. What these non OPEC countries should do in order to counter the eternal autonomy of the cartel may be discussed under the following heads: 2.1 To counter the authoritative strategies of the OPEC One of the leading OPEC countries, Saudi Arabia, is demanding that the non OPEC countries should cut down on their oil production. The Saudi Arabian Minister of Oil, Mr. Ali al-Naimi, has maintained that the organizations outside the OPEC will have to decrease their production. This shows the pride of the OPEC countries in their own thought process and they are keen to protect their own interest ahead of all the other petroleum producing nations of the world. The Non OPEC countries should show more determination in countering them. There should be more open discussions at the international level about this issue (Greening, 2014). 2.2 To oppose the global market oil price plummet effected by the OPEC Saudi Arabia has made a clear stand that it will not decrease the crude oil production under any circumstance, rather it will keep the prices low (Jotzo et al. 2014). The oil minister of Saudi Arabia is trying to influence the Non OPEC producers to cut down on their production instead. This will ensure the supremacy of the OPEC nations in the global oil market. It is quite evident that the OPEC nations do not want any other countries outside its boundary to gain supremacy as oil producer in the world (Mulder et al. 2013).The US has been one of the leading oil producers outside the OPEC nation. The famous Shale Oil of the US is providing a tough competition to the OPECs. Canada is also the other leading producer of petroleum. All these countries are cause of concern for Saudi Arabia and the other OPEC countries. This is a good sign for the Non OPEC producers. They are slowly beginning to impact the global oil market (Bristow et al. 2015). 2.3 The advantages of the OPEC countries in terms of resources The OPEC organizations have huge resources of petroleum. They are much bigger and precious than the reserves of the non-conventional oil producers (Sander, 2013).These reserves have much developed facilities and infrastructure. These advantages allow the countries like Saudi Arabia to keep the oil prices low without decreasing production. But for the other countries which are outside the OPEC, this luxury is not available. This is because they do not have such big reserves of petroleum. Hence they cannot dictate terms in the global oil market. The remedy is to invest more to develop the wells and resources and look out for new areas of drilling which will increase the resources and in turn there will be more production and supply. Then the unconventional producers will slowly dictate prices in the market and prove to be a tough challenge for the OPECs (Stern, 2014). 2.4 Search for new resources and drilling sites The Non OPEC producers should conduct an extensive research work on the availability of new resources within their respective countries. As the old resources of petroleum get depleted, there should always be new resources which will ensure the continuity in oil production over decades. Hence the governments of the countries should make significant investment in this regard and look out for new drilling sites. Many countries have found resources in unknown locations which were never explored before. They should invest on better drilling equipments and on skilled manpower (Snowden et al. 2013). 2.5 Reduce the cost of oil production In the words of Al-Naimi, the market share of North America in oil production will decrease by 2015. This he accounted to the high production costs of oil in North America. This will reduce the abundance of supply in the oil market as the demand for oil at such a high price will be less. This will hamper the export from North America and boost export from the OPEC countries which have kept the oil prices at a comparatively lower level. Thus, the unconventional oil producers should aim at reducing the oil prices to the extent possible in order to compete with OPEC producers, otherwise they will continue to gain upper hand (Zhang et al. 2014). 2.6 Building a better relationship with the OPECs The Non OPECs should strive to build a better and friendlier relationship with the OPECs. For the sake of success, sometimes it is required to make friendship with the rivals. This will help to create better understanding and a relatively warmth in between the OPECs and Non OPECs. This will also ensure a relatively smooth place for sharing dialogues and ideas. This requires the unconventional producers to be more prudent and smart in forming various relationship strategies. There should be a healthy competition between the two parties. This will create a more acceptance in the mind of the OPEC producers for the Non OPECs and may bring about a positive change in the global oil market. A hand in hand planning and action for the development of petroleum industry around the world will ultimately benefit the nations. This might even create more opportunities for sustainable development and even many innovations (Sohail, 2015). 3. Conclusion It is very evident that currently the oil market is dominated by the OPECs. They are the leaders in global oil production and supply. They formulate all the policies and strategies relating to petroleum production. They have kept the Non OPECs under their supremacy. But this single dominance by the powerful needs to be diminished a little in order to show them that there are other nations also, who can be a challenge for them. For this reason some policies need to be formulated by the unconventional oil producers hand in hand. They have for long remained under the shadow of the powerful. It is now their time to show the world their mettle and capabilities in the oil industry. This will create a healthy competition in the global oil market. 4. Recommendations The Non OPECs shall be very brave to deal with the eternal leaders of the oil market. If the strategies formed are implemented and reviewed from time to time, then a day will come when the OPECs will start to consider them as a potent competitor and treat them with due respect. It is said in history that every empire falls one day and who knows, this eternal high-headedness and pride of the OPEC nations might be challenged by the minnows in recent future. 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