Strategic Planning of General Electric

Jill Ridgley General Electric Strategic Planning During the 1980s General Electric’s Chairman, Jack Welch, turned out to be profoundly powerful and similarly questionable in the realm of vital administration. Despite the fact that Welch concentrated on increasing upper hand for his association, he likewise started cutting back and rebuilding GE. GE’s key arranging and operational endeavors started a move toward Total Quality Management and improving profitability. (WriteWork givers. â€Å"Levels of Planning in Management† WriteWork. om) The 1990s achieved a restored intrigue and fixation on key arranging, as mergers and acquisitions expanded in recurrence alongside an increasing pace of complex joint endeavors. Such patterns concentrated key anticipating advancement through decentralized models, utilizing center skills and rising procedure. So as to build up an arrangement, there are a few rules that should be recollected. The principle objective is to keep up bu siness activities, taking a gander at what you have to do to convey a base degree of administration and usefulness is important.Thus far in the 21st century (2000s), GE’s vital arranging proceeds towards a direction of increasing upper hand, however with the additional component of creating and supporting authoritative development. As General Electric looks to methodology to assist them with wrestling with issues that incorporate accommodating size with adaptability and responsiveness, arranging has developed increasingly mind boggling. This can be ascribed to some degree an inexorably joined worldwide commercial center and developing number of serious powers that have went with that change.Likewise, arranging multifaceted nature has been influenced by the financial troubles of the 2000s, which have driven organizations to frame numerous new unions, associations and mergers. The net impact of these progressions has brought about the requirement for agreeable procedures, bring ing about all the more arranging and execution multifaceted nature. Also, the 2000s have achieved changes in ecological duties and corporate social obligation. Inside the previous quite a while, GE has been investigating how their vital arranging will help with the ecomagination for the new â€Å"greener† items that are an ig rivalry now for the earth. Confronted with the most noticeably terrible financial conditions since the Great Depression, organizations no matter how you look at it are adjusting their practices and techniques. GE’s vital arranging has changed from a procedure of attempting to anticipate the future to one of taking a gander at what we â€Å"know†, looking at current-state real factors so as to manufacture compelling change methodologies for the future and utilizing exercises gained from the past.

Soil Erosion in Africa

Soil Erosion in Africa Soil disintegration in Africa compromises food and fuel supplies and can add to environmental change. For longer than a century, governments and help associations have attempted to battle soil disintegration in Africa, frequently with restricted impact. The Problem Today As of now, 40% of soil in Africa is debased. Corrupted soil decreases food creation and prompts soil disintegration, which thus adds to desertification. This is especially troubling since, as indicated by the UNs Food and Agriculture Organization, some 83% of sub-Saharan African individuals rely upon the land for their business, and food creation in Africa should increment practically 100% by 2050 to stay aware of populace requests. The entirety of this makes soil disintegration a squeezing social, financial, and ecological issue for some African nations. Reasons for Erosion Disintegration happens when wind or downpour divert topsoil. How much soil is diverted relies upon how solid the downpour or wind is just as the dirt quality, geology (for instance, inclined versus terraced land), and the measure of ground vegetation. Solid topsoil (like soil secured with plants) is less erodible. Set forth plainly, it remains together better and can assimilate more water. Expanded populace and improvement put more noteworthy weight on soils. More land is cleared and less left decrepit, which can drain the dirt and increment water run-off. Overgrazing and poor cultivating procedures can likewise prompt soil disintegration, yet it is imperative to recall that not all causes are human; atmosphere and common soil quality are additionally significant components to consider in tropical and uneven areas. Bombed Conservation Efforts During the pilgrim time, state governments attempted to constrain workers and ranchers to receive logically affirmed cultivating methods. A considerable lot of these endeavors were planned for controlling African populaces and didn't consider critical social standards. For example, frontier officials constantly worked with men, even in territories where ladies were liable for cultivating. They additionally gave barely any motivating forces - just disciplines. Soil disintegration and consumption proceeded, and provincial dissatisfaction over pilgrim land plans helped fuel patriot developments in numerous nations. Of course, most patriot governments in the post-autonomy period attempted to work with provincial populaces as opposed to compel change. They supported training and effort programs, however soil disintegration and poor yield proceeded, to a limited extent in light of the fact that nobody took a gander at what ranchers and herders were really doing. In numerous nations, first class policymakers had urban foundations, they despite everything would in general assume that country people groups existing strategies were uninformed and dangerous. Global NGOs and researchers likewise worked off of presumptions about laborer land utilize that are currently being raised doubt about. Late Research As of late, more research has gone into both the reasons for soil disintegration and into what are named indigenous cultivating strategies and information about practical use. This exploration has detonated the fantasy that worker strategies were innately constant, customary, inefficient techniques. Some cultivating designs are damaging, and research can distinguish to better ways, however progressively researchers and policymakers are underlining the need to draw the best from logical research and laborer information on the land. Current Efforts to Control Ebb and flow endeavors, despite everything incorporate effort and instruction ventures, but at the same time are concentrating on more prominent research and utilizing laborers or giving different impetuses to taking part in manageability ventures. Such ventures are customized to neighborhood ecological conditions and can incorporate framing water catchments, terracing, planting trees, and financing manures. There have likewise been various transnational and universal endeavors to secure soil and water supplies. Wangari Maathai won the Nobel Peace Prize for setting up the Green Belt Movement, and in 2007, the pioneers of a few African states over the Sahel made the Great Green Wall Initiative, which has just expanded forestation in focused zones. Africa is additionally part of the Action against Desertification, a $45 million program that incorporates the Caribbean and Pacific. In Africa, the program is financing ventures that will ensure backwoods and topsoil while creating salaries for country networks. Various other national and worldwide activities are in progress as soil disintegration in Africa increases more noteworthy consideration from policymakers and social just as natural associations. Sources Chris Reij, Ian Scoones, Calmilla Toulmin (eds). : Indigenous Soil and Water Conservation in AfricaSustaining the Soil (Earthscan, 1996) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Soil is a non-inexhaustible asset. infographic, (2015). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Soil is a non-inexhaustible asset. flyer, (2015). Worldwide Environmental Facility, Great Green Wall Initiative (got to 23 July 2015) Kiage, Lawrence, Perspectives on the accepted reasons for land corruption in the rangelands of Sub-Saharan Africa. Progress in Physical Geography Mulwafu, Wapulumuka. : A History of Peasant-State Relations and the Environment in Malawi, 1860-2000.Conservation Song (White Horse Press, 2011).

Blog Archive Columbia University (Columbia Business School) Essay Analysis, 2008-2009

Blog Archive Columbia University (Columbia Business School) Essay Analysis, 2008-2009 CBS’s essay questions have changed dramatically from last year â€" all that remains is essay one, an old standby. What will be disappointing to some is the disappearance of the longstanding fourth essay on a passion â€" a surefire way to diversify an MBA candidacy and ensure that personality is revealed. Our analysis of CBS three essays follows… What are your short-term and long-term post-MBA goals? How will Columbia Business School help you achieve these goals? (Recommended 750 word limit) : * Because Personal Statements are similar from one application to the next, we have produced the “MBA Mission Personal Statement Guide.” We offer this guide to candidates free of charge, via our online store.   Please feel free to download your copy today.   For additional information on the  Columbia Business School experience, please consult the MBA Mission Insiders Guide series. Master Classes are the epitome of bridging the gap between theory and practice at Columbia Business School. View link below. Please provide an example from your own life in which practical experience taught you more than theory alone. (Recommended 500 word limit) : View with Real Player: http://merlin.gsb.columbia.edu:8080/ramgen/video1/faculty/MasterClass-promo.rm View via Google: http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-4698876883776961370hl=en CBS has replaced a fairly confusing question about how an MBA will prepare you for a rapidly changing world, (an essay that frustrated many applicants last year) with a far more straightforward question that (like last year) forces the reader to go online and learn about a facet of the Columbia experience â€" in this case, the Master Class. While the information itself is entertaining and educational, the video is only tangentially related to the core question, which requires you to describe a time when practice trumped theory. Candidates should resist the temptation to fawn on CBS and laud the Master Class and should instead focus on providing an example of such a case. Although we noted that this question is more straightforward than last year’s, it will still be challenging to answer. An obvious starting point for candidates is to consider times when they have learned something theoretically. However, you need not only think of times when you were in a college classroom or some sort of corporate training event. You should expand your concept of theory to include all times when you were presented with orf considered ideas. Indeed, a commentator on TV or the fellow who owns the breakfast shop that you frequent (not to forget your own times of reflection and imagination) can all present valid theories that you have actually put into practice. You should certainly show that you were/are open to ideas and that you are willing to test them. However, it is the process of testing that you, like CBS, should emphasize. So, if the first part of your essay is an explanation of how you were captivated by an idea, the second part should be the testing and learning. Clearly, we need to understand a contrast between these two phases in order to validate the argument that CBS presents. In this essay question, CBS does not explicitly ask for your key learnings, but it is appropriate for you to offer them nonetheless. By reflecting on your experience, you will emphasize the power of practice, in  teaching/learning enduring lessons.   Please provide an example of a team failure of which youve been a part. If given a second chance, what would you do differently? (Recommended 500 word limit) : The crucial word in this essay question is “team.” Indeed, this is not a question about an individual failure. So, you should not attempt to stretch an essay about an individual failure to fit this question. You should, instead, attempt to identify a time when a team did not achieve its desired results (it will be important to “show” this time through a narrative structure) and analyze how and where the breakdown occurred, generally being diplomatic about assessing responsibility and sharing some of the “blame” yourself.   It is important to note that a team failure does not need to be the story of a chaotic breakdown with people throwing chairs at each other. A failure can occur due to a passive approach to a problem â€" for example, the team does not understand its responsibilities and those senior to the team are not empowering the team to make choices. Regardless of the nature of the failure itself, it will be important for you to show that you have a nuanced understanding of the dynamics and that you are able to reflect and present a compelling theory (yes, theory!) for how you would have otherwise approached this situation. Share ThisTweet Blogroll

Abnormal Behavior, A Term That Is Often Thrown Around Without

Abnormal behavior, a term that is often thrown around without having the proper knowledge of the actual definition. Abnormal behavior goes way beyond just acting or behaving differently than what one might consider your â€Å"average Joe†. Abnormal behavior is behavior that interferes with everyday living when one cannot function with everyday tasks only then the behavior can be considered abnormal. Depression is an abnormal behavior being that it affects Persistent Depressive Disorder also known as PDD or it’s late name of Dysthymia is a chronic type state of depression in which a person’s mood is regularly low but does not hold symptoms as severe as major depression. The symptoms generally last in adult for about 2 years while in children and†¦show more content†¦The feeling of being sad, angry and irritable are generally normal and subside within a week or two but for some women it doesn’t go away just that easy, for some women the depression s ticks and begins to negatively affect their everyday life. The rate of successful suicides for males is higher because men tend to men turn to a more violent side of coping they become frustrated, discouraged, irritable, angry, and sometimes abusive. Some men even throw themselves into their work to avoid talking about their depression with family or friends, or behave recklessly. Most men don t seek help in any form or even talk about the challenging disorder they are facing and an effect of that would be the depression getting worse, absorbing them. There are some women that too allow their PDD to go untreated and deal with it by just not talking about it. A sort of personal experience with PDD is with a close relative of mine, who has been dealing with PDD for three years now and it has greatly affected her. She described waking up everyday with a heavy heart, she could not remember a day when she did not feel this way, the feeling you get when you lose a close relative, that is the feeling she woke up with each morning. For as long as she can remember each day she was sadden by the fact that she had awaken once again and would have to live through yet another sad and gloomy day yet she could not figure out why each day felt this way. Imagine wakingShow MoreRelatedMental Disorder Research Paper1530 Words   |  7 Pagesmental health is the way humans react to, think about, and feel about what goes on in their everyday lives. It is a psychosomatic and emotional state of being. Throughout history, people with odd or dangerous behaviors were seen as witches or ones possessed by evil spirits. These people were thrown in prisons or institutions to isolate them from others. Not too long ago, in the 1950’s with a great deal of research and much more highly developed technology many people with mental disorders have been treatedRead MorePublic Association Between Violent Gun Crimes And Mental Illness1868 Words   |  8 PagesSince Barack Obama’s sec ond full term in office, not a single full calendar week has gone by without some sort of mass shooting. A mass shooting is defined as â€Å" an incident in which four or more people are shot,† and a Sunday-to-Saturday week has not passed without one of these incidents in more than a year (Bump, 2015). So, what gives? Following a mass shooting crime, one of the first things that always comes up is the perpetrator’s mental health: Was the shooter mentally ill? In recent years, theRead MoreThe Impact of Teenage Pregnancy1987 Words   |  8 Pagespregnancy are the most important. A mother needs to be aware of the pregnancy for such reasons as: taking prenatal vitamins, smoking cigarettes, drinking or any prescription taking while being pregnant (Bodeeb 2011). Those acts may cause serious long term birth defects and medical complications for the baby. Certain tests need to be performed while in the first few months of a pregnancy as well to make sure there are not any com plications. At four months the Down syndrome test is performed on the childRead MoreThe Study of Satan: Demonology3669 Words   |  15 Pagesshe can master the human, but the power of the devil is not nothing compared to the power of God. Satan blurry and shaky because of the name of the Lord Jesus Christ. Early Demonology Demonology is a doctrine which states that a persons abnormal behavior is caused by the influence of an evil spirit or demon powers or studies on Satan / Devil and its properties. Christians when talking about Demonology, the name Lucifer became a major role. Because western Christians generally follow interpretationsRead MoreA Response to the Article on Society and Gender3698 Words   |  15 Pagesï » ¿SOCIETY AND GENDER ARTICLE RESPONSE How did your upbringing shape your gender behavior? Do you agree or disagree with Blum that both biology and society are responsible for our gender behavior? I agree completely with Blum. Specifically, I appreciate the way that she describes gender-specific behaviors as faint signals that get amplified by the socialization process and to our being born with predispositions toward gender-specific behavioral norms. Both experimental animal studiesRead Morethis is a college paper on MENTAL ILLNESS AS A SOCIAL PROBLEM3884 Words   |  16 Pageslikely to occur within the next decade and why ............p.12 V. Works Cited ...........................................................................p. 14 Overview of Mental Illness Mental illness seems to be a growing problem in societies all around the world. Until the mid-twentieth century a large proportion of people who were classified as mentally ill and admitted to mental hospitals were actually suffering from physical ailments like epilepsy and brain tumors. Today researchers are learningRead MoreGhetto Life Under the Nazis2347 Words   |  10 Pages The term â€Å"ghettos† was first used in relation to Jews in the year 1516 when the Venetian government designated a specified living area for its Jewish population. During World War II, they were established by the Nazis to isolate and control the Jews as a first step in their eventual annihilation (Ghettos). Throughout the War, the Nazis established over 400 ghettos in Eastern Europe and Russia for this purpose. The Nazi ghetto overseers appointed Jewish councils, called the Judenrat, to maintainRead MoreResearch Proposal : Anorexia Nervosa6654 Words   |  27 Pages|6 |REFERENCES |31 | CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Anorexia nervosa is a psychiatric disorder characterized by abnormal eating behavior, severe self-induced weight loss, and psychiatric comorbidities. People with anorexia have an extreme fear of gaining weight, which causes them to try to maintain a weight far less than normal. They will do almost anything to avoid gainingRead MoreBrain Injuries, Sports, And The Military Essay3500 Words   |  14 Pagesmentions that depending on what part of the brain the injury occurred it can lead to a variety of altercations in the brain function. If the injury occurred in the frontal lobes, patients will have difficulties with problem solving and changes in social behavior or changes in personality. At the parietal lobes, problems could consist of the inability to multi-task and difficulties with hand and eye coordination. The occipital lobes cause problems with location of objects in an environment and inaccuratelyRead MoreMethods of Communication in Nursing3303 Words   |  13 Pagesth e Way We Live, Love, Parent, and Lead, â€Å"The surest thing I took away from my BSW, MSW, and PhD in social work is this: Connection is why were here. We are hardwired to connect with others, its what gives purpose and meaning to our lives, and without it there is suffering† (Munro 2013, p.1). Nurses develop communication skills on the job. Nurses communicate in a number of different ways: orally while listening and speaking, visually while reading and composing visuals, and non-verbally while

amy tan Essay - 1307 Words

Amy Tan’s â€Å"Two Kinds† is an autobiographical look into her childhood that shows the conflict between Tan and her mother, the difference between old and new cultures, the past and the present, and parents’ expectations vs. reality. Couples of opposing elements comprise the basis of the entire story; to another extent even the title itself, â€Å"Two Kinds,† shows the friction that Tan creates. The strongest argument that Tan suggest is that this may not only be a look into her own life, rather it may be the struggles that every child and parent goes through as they come into age. As the story advances, Tan’s journey of struggle through the relationship with her overbearing mother is unraveled. A sense of emotional growth and mutual respect can†¦show more content†¦Such a sad, ugly girl! I made high - pitched noises like a crazed animal, trying to scratch out the face in the mirror.† Tan expresses these emotions, as she is upset wi th not being as good as her mother is expecting. Her mother makes her feel as if she is not as good as she should be, though this strong attack maybe as simple as a failed attempt of Tan’s mother trying to make her realize that she is not fulfilling her own potential. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The most important parts of the story come in regards to the piano lessons that Tan is â€Å"forced† into taking. During the course of the piano lessons Tan and her mother unleash their vented emotions in a strong exchange quot;Why dont you like me the way I am?quot; I cried. quot;Im not a genius! I cant play the piano. Mother slapped me. quot;Who ask you to be genius?quot; she shouted. quot;Only ask you be your best. For you sake. You think I want you to be genius? Hnnh! What for! Who ask you! So ungrateful,quot; This strong exchange is large basis for argument of the misinterpreted attempts of each character. Tan herself is only trying to be do her best as her mother wants, even though her mother thinks that she is not trying as much as she really can. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The next largeShow MoreRelatedAmy Tan Essay1532 Words   |  7 Pages Amy Tan Amy Tan was born in 1952, in Oakland, California to Chinese immigrants John and Daisy Tan. Her family eventually settled in Santa Clara. When Tan was in her early teens, her father and one of her brothers died of brain tumors within months of each other. During this period Tan learned that her mother had been married before, to an abusive husband in China. After divorcing him, her mother fled China during the Communist takeover, leaving three daughters behind who she wouldRead MoreFish Cheeks By Amy Tan958 Words   |  4 PagesAmy Tan’s short story, Fish Cheeks, outlines the general idea of self-acceptance. As the narrator, fourteen year old Tan declares her love for her minister’s son, Robert, who unlike herself, is â€Å"as white as Mary in the manger† (Tan 1). This crush is anything but healthy, primarily because Tan is reluctant to reveal her true self to him. This hesitance she portrays is strikingly recognizable in the teenagers of today’s world. A my Tan s story, Fish Cheeks, is significant to the adolescents of todayRead MoreAmy Tan: A Brief Biography757 Words   |  3 PagesAmy Tan is an American Chinese writer most notably known for her critically acclaimed novel The Joy Luck Club, amongst many others. Amy Ruth Tan was born on February 19, 1952, in Oakland California to John and Daisy Tan. Both of Amy’s parents were Chinese immigrants who fled from China to escape hardships. Amy’s mother, Daisy, divorced her abusive husband and left behind three daughters before immigrating to the United States and marrying Amy’s father, John. The marriage produced three children,Read MoreThe Age Of Six, By Amy Tan1816 Words   |  8 PagesAmy Tan, a 64 year-old Chinese-American novelist, believed that her life was tough and horrendous as a child. She said, â€Å"‘I remember that starting at the age of six, I had thoughts of suicide†¦The fact that I had those thoughts when I was very young was an indicati on that I was a very gloomy kid. I had some ways of thinking that were not healthy,’† (â€Å"Interview† 2). Her thoughts of wanting to disappear from the world were due to her roots, which were planted in a miserable family history, a hard, strictRead More`` Two Kinds By Amy Tan1460 Words   |  6 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Two Kinds† by Amy Tan is a story that shows a battle that starts with the narrator and her mother, for control over the narrator’s life. Her mother wanted her to become a prodigy, but she wanted to be anything other than that. So, throughout the short story â€Å"Two Kinds† she’s determined to not quit the fight. â€Å"Two Kinds† is filled with different forms of conflict which allows for the narrator to realize that her mother’s crazy antics were to help her find what she was good at. Which leadsRead MoreA Pair Of Tickets By Amy Tan1651 Words   |  7 Pages A Pair of Tickets Amy Tan was Chinese –American, born in San Francisco to Chinese immigrants. Amy didn’t set out to be a writer, but she loved writing. When she wrote the Joy Luck Club, it was about stories from four different families that met every week and played mahjong, ate Chinese food, and told stories. Amy didn’t realize how much of these stories she absorbed growing up. Amy never set out to write about her own life, but when she began writing, she realized she had unconscientiously subsumedRead MoreThe Joy Luck Club By Amy Tan1192 Words   |  5 Pages(H) The life of women has drastically changed throughout the ages. (CIS) The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan portrays life in America and in China in the 1930’s for women. (GS1) When stories are true, there is more power behind them. (GS2) Novels need accuracy for the book to have feeling. (GS3) A rave-worthy novel needs truth to really draw the reader in. (thesis) Author Amy Tan accurately portrays life for Chinese women i n the 1930’s and it enhances the power of the novel because the stories have trueRead MoreThe Two Kinds By Amy Tan1272 Words   |  6 Pagesrepresenting 11% of the national population. The children of such immigrants in the U.S., also known as second generation immigrants, experience a cultural conflict between that of their parents and that of mainstream U.S. society† (Wikipedia 1). Amy Tan the author of â€Å"Two Kinds†, and the young character in the story both are a second generation immigrants, who have struggled in their life with parents, about the culture they assimilating and their real culture. In the â€Å"Two Kinds† story the authorRead MoreAmy Tan s Two Kinds Essay1372 Words   |  6 PagesJing-Mei Woo and her mother are the major characters in Amy Tan’s â€Å"Two Kinds.† The two have a complicated mother-daughter relationship at the beginning of the story, but later, as an adult, Jing-Mei realizes the intentions of her mother. â€Å"Two Kinds† is told from Jing-Mei’s point of view as a mature adult who is reflecting on her childhood. Jing-Mei’s thoughts and feelings are revealed, but she and her mother, the antagonist, have conflictingly opposite desires. Jing-Mei’s mother desires for herRead MoreTwo Kinds by Amy Tan Essay981 Words   |  4 Pages In the short story, Two Kinds by Amy Tan, a Chinese mother and daughter are at odds with each other. The mother pushes her daughter to become a prodigy, while the daughter (like most children with immigrant parents) seeks to find herself in a world that demands her America nization. This is the theme of the story, conflicting values. In a society that values individuality, the daughter sought to be an individual, while her mother demanded she do what was suggested. This is a conflict within

Speech Parallel Universe Is Exist - 1127 Words

Title of Speech: Parallel Universe Specific Purpose: To persuade the audience that Parallel Universe is exist. Thesis Statement: I am here to persuade you that Parallel Universe is exist, it is possible because the scientist discovery and theory. Introduction I. Attention-getter/Opener: I am going to tell a little phenomenon about something we might have had, the Deja vu. People some time have the experience of familiar with someone, or some scene, However, those people were never had a chance to touch or contact with the familiar subjects. For instance, you saw, a girl or boy you know it is a destiny for you and he/her together. Or you went to a place, suddenly, standing there looking at it, which is the same in your memory and you could not figure out how does this happen. II. Connection with audience (why the topic is important to them): So how does this phenomenon tell? There is a scientific explanation, you were shared some part of parallel universe in memory or vision. III. Establish credibility: As I am science fan and read a lot physics book in the last 15 years, and I have done much reading and thinking on this topic. Therefore, I feel I am confident to speak to you to share my options. IV. Thesis Statement: I am here to persuade you that Parallel universe is exist, and explain why. V. Preview main points: I will tell who developed this theory? What is this theory is about? How does it Influence it in reality. (Now that I will tell the history of theShow MoreRelatedQuantum Neural Network Essay1014 Words   |  5 PagesThe neurons in the network work together to solve specic problems. The network can be trained to do various tasks like pattern recognition, data classication,function approximation etc. ANNs are widely used in the elds of computer vision and speech recognition. 1.1.1 Architecture of an Articial Neural Network 1.1.2 Backpropagation Learning is the way we acquire knowledge about the world around us, and it is through this process of knowledge acquisition, that the environment alters ourRead MoreEssay on Time Travel666 Words   |  3 Pagesthink that collage of stars actually exists? Most of them do not. When you look at the sky at night you are seeing the past because it takes an obscene amount of time for the light from those stars to reach earth, and in that time those stars may have disappeared. It works both ways. When an inhabitant, if there is one, on a planet around the star that you are looking at looks at our sun he is also seeing the past. So here we are, at the main idea of my speech - the possibility of different timesRead MoreThe Individual Versus His Environment in The Stranger and Grendel1674 Words   |  7 Pageswhen analyzing for dominant ideologies, to slap them both with the label of existentialism and be done with it. However, closer scrutiny indicates that whilst both Meursault and Grendel are existential heroes, Grendel, unlike Meursault, exists in a solipsistic universe that runs contrary to his ideology and thusly never experiences the catharsis that Meursault does. As put by Jean-Paul Sartre in his essay Existentialism is a Humanism, â€Å"The other is indispensable to my existence, and equally so toRead MoreEvolution Before Darwin1590 Words   |  7 PagesIt is not an astounding observation to say that there exists (or existed at one point in time) thousands, possibly millions, of stories on Earth. Stories that our innocent young selves were subjected to in elementary school that have influenced the way we see ourselves and those around us, more so than we would like to admit. Stories that our parents have read to us late at night willing us with their words of cats in hats and cows jumping over the moon to shut our eyelids and drift off to sleepRead MoreEssay on Comparing Christianity and Buddhism1675 Words   |  7 Pagessystems reject the â€Å"materialistic inhibition† of biological science and adopt a basically spiritual dimension to the composition of a human being, they differ in many fundamentally important respects. Christ ians believe in one God, which rules the universe and the entire human fate. â€Å"Can any praise the worthy of the Lord’s majesty? How magnificent his strength! How inscrutable his wisdom!† The famous quote of a famous book has put it rather bluntly. Buddhists do not believe in one God, nor doRead MoreFour Quartets And The Four Quartets1784 Words   |  8 Pagesthe location of the observer. In essence, he proved time dilation: or the phenomena that time bends and contracts. Eventually, he realized time dilation is a necessary consequence of keeping the speed of light in a vacuum constant everywhere in the universe, leading him to eventually conclude that space and time are not separate, distinct entities, but one linked dimension: spacetime. This single dimension, because it stretches and contracts, allows for unusual interactions between space and time. TheRead MoreThe Between Sin And Purity1629 Words   |  7 Pagesthemselves of sin and thus seek a closer int imacy with God. There is heavy symbolism in Dante’s portrayal of Paolo and Francesca which reveals the dichotomy between sin and purity that exists in Canto V. Imagery plays a crucial role when it comes to seeing the duality of the second circle. The laws of contrapasso creates a parallel of crimes one committed in life to match the nature of punishment found in death. The atmosphere of the second circle is designed to be the punishment for those who choose theirRead MoreLiterary Criticism Of The Odyssey1604 Words   |  7 PagesIthaca. Northrop Frye explains the value of archetypal literary criticism in helping modern readers appreciate the universal and timeless themes of the epic: † [ Archetypal literacy criticism’s role is in] refashioning the material universe into an alternative verbal universe that is humanly intelligible and viable, because it is adapted to essential human needs and concerns.† Homer’s â€Å"Odyssey† focuses on the archetypal character of Odysseus, and most importantly archetypal themes centred around theRead MoreHierarchies of Importance in Paradise Lost1774 Words   |  8 Pages Through the epic poem Paradise Lost, it is apparent that John Milton believed that all of creation was built on the foundation of hierarchies and authoritative power. This idea is emphasized by Milton’s description of the spiritual existence of the universe and incorporation of the natural chain of being where God is placed at the top of both structures. Multiple scenes throughout the poem signify the importance of these hierarchies and allow both Satan and Eve to cause turmoil, only to be followedRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Tragicomedy The Tempest1935 Words   |  8 PagesPastoral themes produce a visual juxtaposition of the ‘short-grass green,’ ‘acres’ with the excesses of the Jacobean audience, whose extravagant lifestyles Shakespeare critiques against the islands’ Edenic scene. This is further developed in Gonzalo’s speech, whose ‘commonwealth’ is an unlikely, but idyllic utopia. Gonzalo describes a world ‘W ithout sweat or endeavor. Treason, felony,/Sword, pike, knife, gun, or need of any engine,/Would I not have’ and the utopia is paired with undertones of irony; Sebastian

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries

Question: Recent decline in the global oil prices has shown the overarching influence and impact of OPEC member states collective energy policies on the global energy security vis--vis both the oil industry and national economies. Critically discuss different policy measures that Non OPEC member states can take to mitigate the impact of OPECs current trend as an international oil producer cartel? Answer: 1. Introduction 1.1 OPEC The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is an intergovernmental organization which was founded at the Baghdad Conference on 10th to 14th of September 1960. It was formed initially by Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Venezuela and Saudi Arabia (Aalto, 2015). They were later on joined by nine more members like Qatar in 1961, Indonesia in 1962, Libya in 1962, UAE in 1967, Algeria in 1969, Nigeria in 1971, Ecuador in 1973, Angola in 2007 and Gabon from 1975-1994. However, the membership of Indonesia was suspended from January 2009, and that of Ecuador from December 1992 to October 2007. The headquarters of OPEC was in Geneva, Switzerland during the first five years of its operations. On 1st of September 1965, it was moved to Vienna in Austria (Blanchet, 2015).The primary objective of OPEC is to bring in co-ordination and unification in the petroleum policies among the member countries. In this way the organization can keep the prices for the petroleum producing countries fair and stable. By controlling the petroleum producing nations, it can ensure efficient, uninterrupted supply of petroleum to the countries who import these petroleum products. The organization also looks after the interests of the investors who invest in this industry. It ensures a Return of Capital (ROC) to the stakeholders that is fair and just. The leadership team includes Mr. Diezani Alison-Madueke, who is the President and Mr. Abdallah el-Badri, who is the Secretary General of the organization (Carvajal et al. 2013). Figure 1: The office of the OPEC (Source: nationofchange.org, 2014) 1.2 Non OPEC The Non OPEC producers consist of all the countries in the world which produce petroleum products but are not members of the OPEC. There are around 30 Non OPEC countries in the world which deserve special mention on the basis of production (Serrano et al. 2013). These are as Russia, US, China, Mexico, Canada, Norway, Brazil, Kazakhstan, UK, Azerbaijan, Indonesia, Oman, India, Colombia, Argentina, Malaysia, Egypt, Australia, Sudan, Syria, Equatorial Guinea, Yemen, Vietnam, Congo Brazzaville, Denmark, Gabon, Brunei, Trinidad Tobago and Tunisia. It may be noted that 60 percent of the worlds oil production comes from the Non OPEC countries. They face various problems related to production. It has been observed by the experts that the Non OPEC countries have primitive wells which are less productive. They also have to face rising costs for the upcoming projects. They also face higher demands at their domestic market that leads to decrease in exports. The rising prices have made the tough oil projects more attractive which has led to increase in unconventional production of oil but that may also change. Fall in Non OPEC production occurs when investment becomes difficult in new petroleum production as a result of the credit markets becoming tight, volatility of oil prices and nationalism of resources (Chang et al. 2013).The National Petroleum Council has conducted a study in 2007 which shows that the international oil market is in the threshold of a time where the demand is increasing while the supplies remain limited. According to the Energy Information Agency of the US Energy Department, out of the fifteen of the leading oil producers of the world, seven are outside of the OPEC (Creti et al. 2015). Figure 2: OPEC and Non OPEC oil supply comparison (Source: therationalpessimist.com, 2015) 2. The policies adopted by the Non OPEC countries to reduce monopoly of the OPEC countries The Non OPEC countries have for long been just at the mercy of the OPEC countries. All the oil issues relating to the petroleum production across the globe are regulated by the OPEC members. The Non OPECs have to follow the guidelines and norms set by the monopoly organization. Since the last few years, the production of crude oil by the Non OPEC countries is increasing substantially. The actual output has beaten the estimates (Nguyen et al. 2015).In the fourth quarter of 2014 the output from the outside countries outnumbered the budgeted figures. To compete with the OPEC countries, the Non OPECs have significantly increased their production. They have given special focus to improve their old-fashioned wells and other limitation of resources and labor. Presently, the Non OPEC growth in oil supply is somewhere around 2.04 million barrels per day. In 2015, the Non OPEC growth is expected to be around 0.85 million barrels per day (Frisari et al. 2015). This can put pressure on the carte l. This strategy has helped the Non OPEC to increase the production average to 56.33 million barrels per day in 2014. As per the monthly oil market report of the OPEC, in 2015, the Non OPEC oil supply is estimated at an average of 57.16 million barrels per day which indicates a growth of 0.85 million barrels per day. This strategy of production and marketing will help the Non OPEC countries to keep a check on prices by maintaining a steady supply (Stadelmann et al. 2015). The projections show a rise of 18% in total oil production worldwide from the Non OPECs from the year 2002 to 2025. Russia, Africa and the Caspian region are mention worthy in this regard. But it accounts for a 30% shortage in the projected demand. What these non OPEC countries should do in order to counter the eternal autonomy of the cartel may be discussed under the following heads: 2.1 To counter the authoritative strategies of the OPEC One of the leading OPEC countries, Saudi Arabia, is demanding that the non OPEC countries should cut down on their oil production. The Saudi Arabian Minister of Oil, Mr. Ali al-Naimi, has maintained that the organizations outside the OPEC will have to decrease their production. This shows the pride of the OPEC countries in their own thought process and they are keen to protect their own interest ahead of all the other petroleum producing nations of the world. The Non OPEC countries should show more determination in countering them. There should be more open discussions at the international level about this issue (Greening, 2014). 2.2 To oppose the global market oil price plummet effected by the OPEC Saudi Arabia has made a clear stand that it will not decrease the crude oil production under any circumstance, rather it will keep the prices low (Jotzo et al. 2014). The oil minister of Saudi Arabia is trying to influence the Non OPEC producers to cut down on their production instead. This will ensure the supremacy of the OPEC nations in the global oil market. It is quite evident that the OPEC nations do not want any other countries outside its boundary to gain supremacy as oil producer in the world (Mulder et al. 2013).The US has been one of the leading oil producers outside the OPEC nation. The famous Shale Oil of the US is providing a tough competition to the OPECs. Canada is also the other leading producer of petroleum. All these countries are cause of concern for Saudi Arabia and the other OPEC countries. This is a good sign for the Non OPEC producers. They are slowly beginning to impact the global oil market (Bristow et al. 2015). 2.3 The advantages of the OPEC countries in terms of resources The OPEC organizations have huge resources of petroleum. They are much bigger and precious than the reserves of the non-conventional oil producers (Sander, 2013).These reserves have much developed facilities and infrastructure. These advantages allow the countries like Saudi Arabia to keep the oil prices low without decreasing production. But for the other countries which are outside the OPEC, this luxury is not available. This is because they do not have such big reserves of petroleum. Hence they cannot dictate terms in the global oil market. The remedy is to invest more to develop the wells and resources and look out for new areas of drilling which will increase the resources and in turn there will be more production and supply. Then the unconventional producers will slowly dictate prices in the market and prove to be a tough challenge for the OPECs (Stern, 2014). 2.4 Search for new resources and drilling sites The Non OPEC producers should conduct an extensive research work on the availability of new resources within their respective countries. As the old resources of petroleum get depleted, there should always be new resources which will ensure the continuity in oil production over decades. Hence the governments of the countries should make significant investment in this regard and look out for new drilling sites. Many countries have found resources in unknown locations which were never explored before. They should invest on better drilling equipments and on skilled manpower (Snowden et al. 2013). 2.5 Reduce the cost of oil production In the words of Al-Naimi, the market share of North America in oil production will decrease by 2015. This he accounted to the high production costs of oil in North America. This will reduce the abundance of supply in the oil market as the demand for oil at such a high price will be less. This will hamper the export from North America and boost export from the OPEC countries which have kept the oil prices at a comparatively lower level. Thus, the unconventional oil producers should aim at reducing the oil prices to the extent possible in order to compete with OPEC producers, otherwise they will continue to gain upper hand (Zhang et al. 2014). 2.6 Building a better relationship with the OPECs The Non OPECs should strive to build a better and friendlier relationship with the OPECs. For the sake of success, sometimes it is required to make friendship with the rivals. This will help to create better understanding and a relatively warmth in between the OPECs and Non OPECs. This will also ensure a relatively smooth place for sharing dialogues and ideas. This requires the unconventional producers to be more prudent and smart in forming various relationship strategies. There should be a healthy competition between the two parties. This will create a more acceptance in the mind of the OPEC producers for the Non OPECs and may bring about a positive change in the global oil market. A hand in hand planning and action for the development of petroleum industry around the world will ultimately benefit the nations. This might even create more opportunities for sustainable development and even many innovations (Sohail, 2015). 3. Conclusion It is very evident that currently the oil market is dominated by the OPECs. They are the leaders in global oil production and supply. They formulate all the policies and strategies relating to petroleum production. They have kept the Non OPECs under their supremacy. But this single dominance by the powerful needs to be diminished a little in order to show them that there are other nations also, who can be a challenge for them. For this reason some policies need to be formulated by the unconventional oil producers hand in hand. They have for long remained under the shadow of the powerful. It is now their time to show the world their mettle and capabilities in the oil industry. This will create a healthy competition in the global oil market. 4. Recommendations The Non OPECs shall be very brave to deal with the eternal leaders of the oil market. If the strategies formed are implemented and reviewed from time to time, then a day will come when the OPECs will start to consider them as a potent competitor and treat them with due respect. It is said in history that every empire falls one day and who knows, this eternal high-headedness and pride of the OPEC nations might be challenged by the minnows in recent future. But that will only create a much better environment for the entire oil industry in the world. The world can expect a better oil industry which will look after the benefit of the consumers and the society at large. 5. Reference list References Aalto, P. (2015). Corrigendum to Institutions in European and Asian energy markets: A methodological overview  [Energy Policy 74 (2014) 415]. Energy Policy. Blanchet, T. (2015). Struggle over energy transition in Berlin: How do grassroots initiatives affect local energy policy-making?. Energy Policy, 78, pp.246-254. Carvajal, S., Serrano, J. and Arango, S. (2013). Colombian ancillary services and international connections: Current weaknesses and policy challenges. Energy Policy, 52, pp.770-778. Chang, C. and Chang, C. (2013). Energy conservation for international dry bulk carriers via vessel speed reduction. Energy Policy, 59, pp.710-715. Creti, A. and Nguyen, D. (2015). Energy markets financialization, risk spillovers, and pricing models. Energy Policy. Frisari, G. and Stadelmann, M. (2015). De-risking concentrated solar power in emerging markets: The role of policies and international finance institutions. Energy Policy, 82, pp.12-22. Greening, L. (2014). Energy Policy: Publishing ethics. Energy Policy, 71, pp.2-3. Jotzo, F. and Lschel, A. (2014). Emissions trading in China: Emerging experiences and international lessons. Energy Policy, 75, pp.3-8. Mulder, P. and de Groot, H. (2013). Dutch sectoral energy intensity developments in international perspective, 19872005. Energy Policy, 52, pp.501-512. Ogunlowo, O., Bristow, A. and Sohail, M. (2015). Developing compressed natural gas as an automotive fuel in Nigeria: Lessons from international markets. Energy Policy, 76, pp.7-17. Rexhuser, S. and Lschel, A. (2015). Invention in energy technologies: Comparing energy efficiency and renewable energy inventions at the firm level. Energy Policy. Sander, M. (2013). Conceptual proposals for measuring the impact of international regimes on energy security. Energy Policy, 63, pp.449-457. Stern, J. (2014). International gas pricing in Europe and Asia: A crisis of fundamentals. Energy Policy, 64, pp.43-48. Tang, X., Snowden, S. and Hk, M. (2013). Analysis of energy embodied in the international trade of UK. Energy Policy, 57, pp.418-428. Wu, G. and Zhang, Y. (2014). Does China factor matter? An econometric analysis of international crude oil prices. Energy Policy, 72, pp.78-86. Zhang, D., Broadstock, D. and Cao, H. (2014). International oil shocks and household consumption in China. Energy Policy, 75, pp.146-156.

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tess3 essays

tess3 essays If written today, Tess of the d'urbervilles by Thomas Hardy may have been called Just Call Me Job or Tess: Victim of Fate. Throughout this often bleak novel, the reader is forced by Tess's circumstance to sympathize with the heroine (for lack of a better term) as life deals her blow after horrifying blow. One of the reasons that the reader is able to do so may be the fatalistic approach Hardy has taken with the life of the main character. Hardy writes Tess as a victim of Fate. This allows the reader to not blame her for the things that happen around her. Much of the critical debate surrounding Tess centers around this very point: Is Tess a victim? Are the things that happen to Tess beyond her control or could she have fought her way out of her circumstances? Better yet, could Hardy have written her out of her troubles or did his fatalistic approach to the novel force him to ultimately sacrifice poor Tess? Further, Is Hardy's approach to the novel and its main character truly fatalist ic? In this essay, I will explore these questions and the doctrine of Fatalism as it applies to Tess. Fatalism is defined in Websters Dictionary as "the doctrine that all things take place by inevitable necessity" (175). Fatalism is the idea that all actions are controlled by Fate, a primitive force that exists independent of human wills and outside of the controls of power of a supreme being such as God because God ultimately has no power; he is a creation of man who granted Him His power. Since He doesn't truly possess those powers, he is left without the ability to alter circumstances. In short, if one subscribes to this doctrine, you believe that Fate controls how things happen and God can do nothing to save you, even Tess. Overall, Tess seems to go through life experiencing one negative event after another. Fateful incidents, overheard conversations and undelivered letters work against her ability to control the path her life takes. Tess's future seems...

Logistics and operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

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How the Media Affect What People Essay Example for Free

How the Media Affect What People Essay The standard assertion in most recent empirical studies is that media affect what people think about, not what they think. The findings here indicate the media make a significant contribution to what people think—to their political preferences and evaluations—precisely by affecting what they think about. A he belief that long dominated the scholarly community is that news messages have minimal consequences (Katz and Lazarsfeld, 1955; Klapper, 1960). Many media scholars still endorse something close to this view (cf. McGuire, 1985; Gans, n. d. ; Neuman, 1986; also M. Robinson and Sheehan, 1983). The more popular recent view is that media influence is significant, but only in shaping the problems the public considers most important—their agendas (McCombs and Shaw, 1972). In some respects, agenda research challenges the minimal consequences view, but both approaches share a core assumption. Both assume audiences enjoy substantial autonomy in developing their political preferences. Research contradicting the notion that media have minimal consequences or only influence agendas has emerged during the 1980s (see, e. g. the pioneering yet disparate work of such authors as Bartels, 1985; Patterson, 1980; Iyengar and Kinder, 1987; and Page, Shapiro, and Dempsey, 1987; cf. Rob- The author gratefully acknowledgesfinancialsupport from the John and Mary R. Markle Foundation and the Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin, and thanks this journals referees and editors for useful suggestions. JOURNAL OF POLITICS, Vol. 51, No. 2, May 1 989 Portions of this article appear in DEMOCRACY WITHOUT CITIZENS: THE MEDIA AND THE DECAY OF AMERICAN POLITICS by Robert M. Entman.  © 1989 by Robert M. Entman. Used by arrangement with Oxford University Press, Inc. 348 Robert M. Entman inson and Levy, 1986). 1 But this burgeoning research has not yet generated a theory that explicitly refutes the assumption of audience autonomy and explains more fully the medias impact on public opinion. This article probes the theoretical underpinnings of the autonomy assumption and provides empirical evidence that media messages significantly influence what the public thinks by shaping what they think about. THE RESEARCH TRADITION The audience autonomy assumption provides the foundation for the minimal consequences position. The assumption is that audiences form their political opinions in relative independence from the media. There are two somewhat distinct variants of this position. The first emphasizes that audiences think about communications selectively, screening out information they do not like (Klapper, I960; cf. McGuire, 1985). The second holds that audiences pay so little attention and understand so little that the news cannot influence them (Neuman, 1986; cf. MacKuen, 1984). 2 In practice, both the selectivity hypothesis and the hypothesis of inattention and incomprehension (hereafter just inattention) hold that media messages tend only to reinforce existing preferences rather than helping to form new attitudes or change old ones. Thus the media have little net impact on politics. The central assumption of the more recent agenda setting research has been that media do exert significant influence, but only in a narrow sphere. In this view, the publics autonomy is not complete, but its susceptibility to media influence is limited to agendas. Agenda research almost always includes a sentence like this: Although a minimal effects model most accurately describes the medias ability to change opinions, recent research has shown that the media can play a much larger role in telling us what to think about, if not what to think (Lau and Erber, 1985, p. 60; almost identical assertions appear throughout the literature, e. g. , McCombs and Shaw, 1972; MacKuen, 1984, pp. 72, 386; and even radical critiques such as Parenti, 1985, p. 23; also see MacKuen and Combs, 1981; Behr and Iyengar, 1985; Miller, Erbring, and Goldenberg, 1979). 3 Agenda scholarship does not provide a comprehensive theory that explains why media influence is confined to agendas, but selecDeFleur and Ball-Rokeachs dependency theory (1982) describes an important theoretical alternative to the autonomy assumption, but that work predates most of the re cent surge in empirical evidence. 2 Neuman (1986, chap. ) grounds his argument in the lack of evidence that media can teach specific information or enhance political sophistication. The concern in this paper is with political evaluations and preferences, which do not require much information—often a simple emotional response will do (cf. Abelson et al. , 1982). A related argument cites the publics inability to recall specific stories. But the influence of a single news story or show is rarely of interest. The primary concern is the effect of repeated news messages over time (cf. Graber, 1984). But compare Iyengar and Kinder, 1987, and Protess et al. , 1987, for agenda setting research showing that media influence of agendas also shapes, respectively, the mass publics criteria of political judgment and public officials behavior. 1 How the Media Affect What People Think 349 tivity and inattention again seem to be key. In the agenda setting view, the media can overcome these bar riers in determining the issues people think about but not in shaping how they evaluate issues or candidates (the most explicit discussion is MacKuen, 1984). The problem with the agenda setting position is that the distinction between what to think and what to think about is misleading. Nobody, no force, can ever successfully tell people what to think. Short of sophisticated physical torture (brainwashing), no form of communication can compel anything more than feigned obeisance. The way to control attitudes is to provide a partial selection of information for a person to think about, or process. The only way to influence what people think is precisely to shape what they think about. No matter what the message, whether conveyed through media or in person, control over others thinking can never be complete. Influence can be exerted through selection of information, but conclusions cannot be dictated. If the media (or anyone) can affect what people think about—the information they process—the media can affect their attitudes. This perspective yields an assumption of interdependence: public opinion grows out of an interaction between media messages and what audiences make of them. I will call this the interdependence model. The competing positions, the minimal consequences and the agenda perspectives, both endorse the assumption that audiences form preferences autonomously. I will call this the autonomy model. INFORMATION PROCESSING AND MEDIA IMPACTS Combining a recognition of the interdependence of audiences and media with information-processing models developed by cognitive psychologists may offer the best foundation for a new understanding (cf. Gra ber, 1984; Kraus and Perloff, 1985). There is no consensus among those who study information processing. But a number of generalizations pertinent to the mass medias impacts can be gleaned from their work. Information-processing research shows that people have cognitive structures, called schemas,4 which organize their thinking. A persons system of schemas stores substantive beliefs, attitudes, values, and preferences (cf. Rokeach, 1973) along with rules for linking different ideas. The schemas direct attention to relevant information, guide its interpretation and evaluation, provide inferences when information is missing or ambiguous, and facilitate its retention (Fiske and Kinder, 1981, p. 73). Schemas are not filters used to select out all unfamiliar or uncomfortable information. As Bennett writes, [I]nformation processing constructs [i. e. schemas] like party identification and ideological categories should not be reScholars have used many other terms, including scripts, inferential sets, frames, and prototypes. While there are subtle differences among them, they need not concern u s here. The term schema is as good as any, and for claritys sake I use the English plural schemas instead of the awkward schemata. 4 350 Robert M. Entman garded as rigid cognitive frameworks that work infixedways to screen out unfamiliar information (Bennett, 1981, p. 91). Certainly people fail to think about much of the news, but not necessarily because they choose only congruent messages, or because they inevitably misunderstand or deliberately ignore media reports. Selectivity and inattention are stressed by the autonomy model, but that model fails to explain why many citizens do think about a great deal of the new information they encounter. Information-processing theory recognizes and helps explain how attitudes emerge from a dynamic interaction of new information with peoples existing beliefs. In Bennetts (1981, p. 92) words, political thought is data-driven by external information and conceptually-driven by internal schemas. Information-processing theory suggests that whether people ignore or pay attention to new information depends more on its salience, on whether it meshes with their interests, than on whether it conflicts with their existing beliefs (Markus and Zajonc, 1985, pp. 162 and passim; Kinder and Sears, 1985, pp. 710-12). While people may resist knowledge that challenges their fundamental values (Axelrod, 1973), most can accommodate new information and even hold a set of specific beliefs that may appear dissonant, contradictory, or illogical to an outsider (cf. Lane, 1962). The explicit model of thinking that cognitive psychologists have been putting together thus contradicts the implicit model in much of media research. Rather than resisting or ignoring most new or dissonant media reports, as the autonomy model assumes, the information-processing view predicts that people are susceptible to significant media effects. In the information-processing perspective, a person first assesses a media report for salience. If salient, the person processes the news according to routines established in the schema system. Processing may lead the person either to store the information or discard it; if stored, the information may stimulate new beliefs or change old beliefs. So selectivity and inattention are not the whole story. Often people may screen out information that contradicts their current views; but other times they think about disturbing reports they find relevant. The notion of an audience that actively resists all potentially conflicting information rests upon an assumption of a deeply involved and knowledgeable citizenry, a vision that does not apply to most people (e. g. , Converse and Markus, 1979; Kinder and Sears, 1985). Common sense suggests it takes more information and time to change the minds of strong adherents than weak ones, but sometimes even loyalists do change. When the implications are not obvious—for example when the information is contained in the form of a subtle slant to the news (see Entman, 1989, chap. )—the probability increases that even activists will store conflicting data without experiencing any immediate dissonance. And while it may take many repetitions of a media message to pierce the publics indubitable haze of neglect and distraction, this very same political indifference may enhance the likelihood that messages which do penetrate How the Media Affect What People Think 351 will have an impact. Ju st because on most matters Americans have so little knowledge and such weakly-anchored beliefs, information provided by the media can significantly shape their attitudes. Not only do the majority of audience members lack detailed, expert knowledge or strong opinions (cf. Fiske, Kinder, and Larter, 1983); sometimes there are no old attitudes to defend. Many of the most significant political contests are played out over emerging issues or leaders; audiences do not have set attitudes toward them. That clears the path for significant media influence. TESTING MEDIA INFLUENCE Identification as liberal, moderate, or conservative is a key component of the political schema system that much of the public applies to political information. Ideological leanings affect responses to specific media eports; different identifiers may read the same message differently. This is why the media, in common with all other sources of information, cannot dictate public views and why an interdependence model seems appropriate. The interdependence model predicts that media influence varies according to the way each person processes specific news messages. Instead of treating ideo logy as a tool people use to screen out reports that conflict with their liberalism or conservatism, the model sees ideology as a schema that influences the use people make of media messages in more complicated ways. The interaction between the attributes of the message and the schemas of the audience shapes the impact of the news. One element of this interdependence is message salience, which may vary among the ideological groups. Stories that interest liberals may bore conservatives; items that intrigue ideologues on either side may not interest moderates, who have few strong beliefs. Another aspect of interdependence involves whether the message is relevant to peripheral or central attitudes. The centrality of a message may vary for different groups, since liberals and conservatives appear to structure their ideas distinctively. Central to liberalism is attachment to ideals of change and equality; central to conservatism is attraction to capitalism (Conover andj^eldman, 1981). The two groups probably process some media messages^differently. This decidedly does not mean liberals, for example, screen out all material that challenges liberalism. Consider an editorial praising the ideal of capitalist markets and proposing to make the post office a private enterprise. While the message conflicts with liberal ideology, it does so peripherally, since government ownership of public utilities is not fundamental to American liberalism. The message may not only bolster conservatism among conservatives, but weaken liberals commitment to liberalism, if only at the margin. Another point of interdependence involves whether the message comes from an editorial, with its overtly persuasive intent, or from a news story that is ostensibly designed merely to inform. Conservatives may be more likely 352 Robert M. Entman o screen out editorial than news items that favor the left, since the slant of news may not be obvious. Afinalaspect of interdependence lies in how new or unfamiliar the reported topic is. All else being equal, the less familiar the object of the news, the less likely a person will respond by fitting the report into an established category and maintaining a set attitude. Where the subject of the news is unfamiliar to all sets of ideological identif iers, all will be susceptible to media influence. Four hypotheses emerge from this use of information processing theory to develop an interdependence model of media influence. They are not all the hypotheses that merit exploration, but they are the ones that can be tested with the data available, and they should provide support for the superiority of the interdependence over the autonomy model. Hypothesis #1: Editorials affect ideological identifiers more than moderates. Those identifying as liberals or conservatives are likely to find ideologically-charged editorial messages salient. Those with less-focused commitments, the moderates, may not find ideological editorials relevant. Hypothesis #2: Liberal editorials should exert a leftward push on those attitudes of conservatives not central to their ideology. Hypothesis #3: Editorial content has stronger effects on new subjects of news coverage than on long-familiar ones. Hypothesis #4: News affects beliefs among liberals, moderates, and conservatives alike. People will tend to screen out news messages less than editorials. Shaped by objectivity rules, news stories are designed to appear neutral to audiences (e. g. , Schudson, 1978; Tuchman, 1978; Molotch and Boden, 1985). The appearance of neutrality may soften the audiences defenses. DATA The dataset combines a national survey on Americans political attitudes from 1974 and 1976 with information on the political content of the newspapers read by respondents. The 1974 Michigan Content Analysis Study provides extensive information on the front page news and editorial page content of ninety-two newspapers throughout the country. The total number of news and editorial items employed here is nearly 18,000. 5 The content information (Institute for Social Research, 1978) is matched to data from a representative national survey, the University of Michigan Center for Political Studies poll of 1974. The sample analyzed consists of those who were surveyed and read  ° The study included ninety-six newspapers, of which four had incomplete data; readers of those four were excluded from the analysis. How the Media Affect What People Think 353 one of the ninety-two newspapers included in the Content Analysis Study, a total weighted sample of 1,292 persons. 6 Excluded were those who did not read a paper (approximately 30% of those surveyed) or who read papers for which no data were collected. 7 The content data were gathered for ten days during October and November, 1974. Even though the data were obtained over a short time period, a check suggests they accurately reflect the typical stands of the papers. For example, among the ninety-two newspapers, the Washington Post scores higher in editorial liberalism than the (defunct) Washington Star; the New York Daily News scores to the right of the New York Times, and so forth. 8 In any case, while far from perfect, the dataset is the most comprehensive collection linking media content to peoples attitudes. One measure of newspaper content taps diversity in news stories, the other liberalism in editorials. I expect both aspects of the newspapers message to encourage opinions to move toward more sympathy with liberal politicians, 6 The actual number of people interviewed was 1,575. The answers of some members of the sample were counted three times to make a weighted sample of 2,523. This was done in order to ensure adequate representation in the sample of sparsely populated areas of the country. Thus, the we ighted sample is the most representative. 7 The demographics of the final reader subsample closely parallel those of the 1974 national cross section as a whole. The mean education of the entire original sample, including non-readers (n = 2,523), is 11. 5 years, the mean of the sample analyzed (n = 1,292) is 12. 2; the mean income, about $11,000 versus $12,000. On other demographic and political characteristics, the two groups are virtually identical. 8 Further enhancing confidence in the validity of the content measures is their use in such important studies as Erbring, Goldenberg, and Miller, 1980. 9 Each editorial item was coded for zero, one, or two assertions favoring or opposing liberal and conservative policy stands. The editorial liberalism index is a percentage formed by first counting the number of times a paper endorsed a liberal position or opposed a conservative position, then subtracting assertions favoring conservative or derogating liberal stands. The result was divided by twice the number of editorial items, since each item was coded for up to two liberal or conservative assertions. The higher the score, the more liberal the editorial page. This index uses variables 21 and 28 in the CPS Media Content Analysis Study 1974. A second measure employed data on news (variables 27 and 34 in the CPS study). The news diversity measure taps a dimension of news slant that audiences are less likely to screen than editorial liberalism. Like most aspects of news slant, it is a subtle trait of reporting that few audience members would notice. The front page news items were coded for mention of zero, one, or two problems. For each problem mention, coders noted whether two different actors overtly disagreed with each other. Each news item was coded as having zero, one, or two instances of two actors asserting different points of view. The diversity index is the number of times two actors expressed different positions divided by twice the number of stories. The higher the score, the more diversity of news. Examples of the actors coded in this variable include Gerald Ford, Richard Nixon, Nelson Rockefeller, Democratic Party, Republican candidates, and business leaders. Thus, a story might concern inflation and unions, and might contain opposing assertions by Gerald Ford and a Democratic Senate candidate on both the causes of inflation and the value of unions. The story would be coded 2 for one disagreement on each of the two problems. If the two actors agreed (or voiced no opinions) on unions but disagreed on inflation, the code would be 1. If they agreed on both or neither agreed nor disagreed, the code would be 0. 354 Robert M. Entman groups, and ideas. The basis for predicting that news diversity moves audiences leftward is that the majority of local newspapers appear to promote a generally Republican and conservative perspective (cf. Bagdikian, 1974; Radolf, 1984). Their editorial and perhaps news inclinations do not favor liberalism. All else being equal, I believe those papers with higher diversity probably provide more information that challenges the conservative editorial baseline. In addition, the mere presence of conflicting views in the news may convey an awareness of the diversity of the country, including its variety of races, economic classes, and viewpoints. Such consciousness may promote tolerance of change, and empathy for positions or groups that challenge the status quo. 0 Diversity may also undermine authority by conveying the impression that a range of ideas is plausible, that the existing distribution of power, wealth, and status is not immutable. As for the other content measure, while many readers no doubt skip editorial pages, Bagdikian (1974) shows that the editorial perspective tends to be mirrored in news slant. The editorial liberalism index may indirectly reflect the political tendency of news coverage. The survey incl uded feeling thermometer questions. Interviewers asked respondents to express their feelings toward several well-known groups and politicians. Respondents chose numbers ranging from 0 for the coldest feelings, through 100 for the warmest, with 50 meaning neutral or mixed feelings. I constructed five attitude indexes using factor analysis. 11 The Liberal Feelings Jndex combined ratings of Edward Kennedy, Hubert Humphrey, liberals, Democrats, and unions. The Radical Feelings Index consisted of thermometer ratings of radical students, black militants, civil rights leaders, and policemen. The Poor Feelings Index tapped thermometers of poor people, blacks, and George Wallace. The Republican Feelings Index was created from ratings of Gerald Ford, Richard Nixon, and Republicans. Finally, the Conservative Feelings Index rated big business, the military, and conservatives. 12 The Michigan survey also asked respondents for their stands on government guaranteed jobs; dealing with urban unrest by solving the problems of unemployment and poverty; protecting legal rights of those accused of crimes; A competing hypothesis might be that diversity challenges initial viewpoints, so that it would promote conservatism among liberals and vice versa. That idea is not borne out by the data. Diversity is consistently associated with more liberal views. 1 Surveys are described in Institute for Social Research, 1979. All feeling thermometers were classified on their face for relevance to the liberal-conservative continuum. Pertinent items received varimax factor analysis. Five factors had eigenvalues greater than 1. 0. Indexes added together scores on all feeling thermometer responses loading above . 40 on a factor. In two cases, items loaded more than . 40 on two factors; these were included on their highest loaded index. All dependent variable attitude indexes used in this paper have Cronbach Alpha reliability scores greater than . 80. 12 Policemen and Wallace loaded negatively on their respective factors. The feeling thermometer responses to each were subtracted from the sum of the other items in forming the indexes. 10 How the Media Affect What People Think 355 busing to achieve racial balance; the Equal Rights Amendment; integration of schools; government aid to minorities; and self-placement on the liberalconservative spectrum. 3 Using factor analysis again, all but one of the responses (to the ERA) were associated together and became the Policy Preferences Index. Twofinalvariables come from readers of sampled papers who participated in surveys during both 1974 and 1976. Their responses in 1976 provide an opportunity to check for media impacts on feelings toward a previously unknown presidential candidate, Jimmy Carter (Carter Index), and on presidential vote (Vote76). FINDINGS Testing the four p redicted media effects requires probing for impacts of editorial liberalism and news diversity on the seven attitudes and on presidential vote. Regression analysis enables us to see whether, with all else equal, readers of more liberal or diverse papers exhibit more liberal attitudes and voting behavior. Editorial liberalism taps the persuasive element of the newspaper, or, in agenda-setting terms, the aspect of the paper that attempts to tell people what to think. News diversity taps the putatively informational element that only tells people what to think about. The interdependence model holds that both editorials and news provide information to think about and thereby influence attitudes, whether intentionally or not. If selectivity or inattention precludes media influence, or if the effect is limited to agendas, the regressions should reveal no significant associations between attitudes and newspaper content. 14 Table 1 summarizes regression results for the impacts of newspaper content on the beliefs of the entire sample of readers. The feeling thermometers are coded from 0 to 100 so that higher scores are warmer (more favorable). The higher the policy preferences score, the more conservative the responses. Vote76 is 1 for Carter, 0 for Ford, so higher scores indicate voting for Carter. The regressions include the following additional variables to control for forces that might also influence attitudes: urban-rural place of residence; age; years of education; family income; race; region; party identification; and ideological self-identification. 15 The impacts of these non-media variables follow expecVariables 2265, 2273, 2281, 2288, 2296, 2302, and 2305 in the 1974 NES Codebook. Although partisanship and ideology are not truly interval variables, the results of the regressions suggest that it is quite reasonable to treat them as such. 15 These variables are coded as follows. Age: coded in years; non-South: 1 = North or West, 0 = South; income: coded in thousands; party i. d. : 7-point scale, 0 = strong Democrat, 3 = independent, 6 = strong Republican; urbanized: 1 = urban, suburban, 0 = rural; white race: 1 = white, 0 = nonwhite; education: coded in years; policy preferences index: adding six 7-point scales, so range is 6 = most liberal, 42 = most conservative; and ideology identification: 1 = most liberal, 4 = middle of the road or dont know, 7 = most conservative. On the latter, note 14 13 356 Robert M. Entman tations, which bolsters confidence in the validity of the attitude measures. For a full display of coefficients for all independent variables, see Entman, 1987). Multicollinearity among the independent variables is not a problem. Of the forty-five intercorrelations, only three exceed . 20. The strongest was between education and income (r = . 357). Table 1 shows that the more editorially liberal the paper, the more warmly their readers respond on the Liberal Feelings Index. This relationship suggests that editorial liberalism influences the publics evaluations of key leaders and groups associated with the liberal coalition: in this case, Hubert Humphrey, Edward Kennedy, Democrats, unions, and liberals.

The Presidential Debates Between Bill Clinton And Dole :: essays research papers

The Presidential Debates Between Bill Clinton and Dole The presidential debates between democratic President William Clinton and Republican Senator Robert Dole proved to be a game of "dodge-ball". Bob Dole fired criticism and attacks while Clinton tried to "dodge" them. Dole attacked him on most of his ideas, and his tendency to exaggerate. Clinton avoided the lies he made since the 1992 presidential campaign (brought up by Dole, of course) by revealing all that he accomplished for the good of the people. Clinton focused on politics at a federal level at home, and tried to avoid foreign affairs. Dole based his debate on a state or local level. They both had separate ideas on different topics such as education, taxes, etc. They used these opposite ideas to attack each other. The debates went smoothly through the first minutes without a lot of conflict but shortly into the debate Clinton makes his claim that "The United States is better off now than it was four years ago". Dole attacks by saying "He's (Clinton) better off than he was four years ago". Although it cracked a few laughs, it showed how little respect he has for Clinton and how desperate he is getting to resort to such cheesy remarks. The first several minutes of the debate had Clinton summarizing all that he has done in the past four years such as 10.5 million more jobs, the Brady Bill, and Family, Medical, and educational bills. In turn Dole complains that the United States has stagnant wages, and that 40% of wages are spent on taxes. On the topic of drug use in the United States Clinton claimed that cocaine use decreased 30% and crime decreased as well. Dole soon reacted by saying, rather sarcastically that drug abuse has doubled and for so much money that has been spent on crime little has changed. Throughout the debates Clinton claims he has done so much good for the country such as cutting the size of government, and stimulating economic growth. In return Dole would blame him for exaggerating and stealing credit for other's work such as governors, senators, etc. Clinton did little direct attacking but at one point, for example, he criticized Dole's 550 billion dollar "scheme" to cut Medicare and Social Security. Clinton and Dole showed very different views on education. Clinton observed education as dependent on the federal government program for funding. Bob Dole believes that education should be brought more local, and on a state level. Dole wants to cut all federal programs and move programs such as Health Care, Medicare, etc., to more of a state level.

Administer Medicine To Individuals And Monitor The Effects

There are many common types of medication used in a care setting. These include Quinapril, Donepezil, Warfarin, Trazodone, Metformin , Paracetamol and Asprin. These all have different effects and side effects, listed below.Quinapril : This medication is used to treat high blood pressure. It works by decreasing certain chemicals that tighten the blood vessels, so blood flows more smoothly and the heart can pump more efficiently. With this medication individuals may experience many different side effects. These include: Dizziness, tiredness, cough, upset stomach or vomiting. More severe side effects include: swelling of the face, eyes, hands, feet or ankles, difficulty breathing/ swallowing, yellowing of the skin or eyes, chest pain or fainting.Donepezil: This type of medication is an anti- alzheimers drug, used to treat dementia. It improves mental function, such as memory and language abilities. It also allows the individual to perform activities of daily living. Donepezil cannot cur e Alzheimers disease but may slow the loss of mental abilities. Potential side effects of this medication include: nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, loss of appetite, weight loss, muscle pain, headache, dizziness, depression, changes in behaviour, red, itchy skin and abnormal dreams. Some more serious side effects include: fainting, lower back pain, red blood in stools, fever, slow heart beat and bloody vomit.Warfarin: This medication is used to prevent blood clots forming or growing larger in the blood and blood vessels. It works by thinning the blood, decreasing the clotting ability of the blood. Potential side effects include: gas, abdominal pain, bloating, change in the way things taste, loss of hair and feeling cold or having chills. More severe side effects include: hives, itching, chest pain/ pressure, infection, nausea and flu like symptoms.Trazodone: This medication is used to treat a variety of mental health problems. It works by increasing the activity and levels of certain ch emicals in the brain which can improve symptoms of depression and anxiety. Potential side effects include: appetite gain, back pain, aggressive behaviour, blurred vision, blocked nose, chest pain, constipation, dry mouth, dizziness, headaches, itching, joint pain, memory problems, nightmares, tiredness, vomiting and weight loss.Metformin: This type of medication is used to control diabetes. It works by keeping the blood sugar levels under control. Potential side effects may include: nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, loss of appetite and taste changes. Less common side effects include: breathing difficulties, muscle cramps, liver problems and skin problems such as itching or urticaria.Paracetamol: This medication is used to ease mild to moderate pain such as headaches, sprains, toothache or the symptoms of a cold. It can also be used to treat a fever. Potential side effects can include: rashes, low blood pressure and liver and kidney damage.Asprin: This type of medication is an anti-pl atelet medicine, meaning it reduces the risk of clots forming in the blood, reducing the risk of a stroke or heart attack. Potential side effects include: nausea, bowel or stomach irritation and indigestion. Less common side effects may include: bruising, skin rash, vomiting and breathing problems.Insulin is a medication which demands the measurement of specific physiological measurements. This is because there is naturally occurring insulin in the body which needs to be checked at regular intervals to ensure the right level is being prescribed.Warfarin is another medication which needs to be monitered, in order for the correct levels to be prescribed. This is carried out using the international normalisation ratio (INR) which measures how long it takes for blood to  clot. This test may be carried out once or twice a week depending on the results.

Requisitos ciudadanía para hijos nacidos fuera EE.UU.

Los hijos de ciudadanos que nacen fuera de los Estados Unidos podrà ­an adquirir la ciudadanà ­a estadounidense desde el momento de su nacimiento si se cumplen una serie de requisitos. En este artà ­culo se detalla en quà © casos y con quà © requisitos un ciudadano americano transmite la nacionalidad a sus hijos nacidos en el extranjero segà ºn la ley actual, que aplica a todos los nacidos a partir del dà ­a 14 de noviembre de 1986. Para los nacidos en fechas anteriores aplican otras leyes y deberà ¡n consultar cuà ¡les eran los requisitos que aplicaban en el momento en que nacieron. Cabe destacar que, en la actualidad, las reglas para obtener la nacionalidad de EE.UU. por padre o madre aplican a los descendientes de estadounidenses por nacimiento o por naturalizacià ³n. Puntos Clave: ciudadanà ­a estadounidense por derecho de sangre El padre o la madre estadounidense pueden transmitir la ciudadanà ­a de EE.UU. a sus hijos nacidos en otro paà ­s si se cumplen una serie de requisitos.Los requisitos son diferentes segà ºn el estado civil de los padres y nacionalidad de los padres:padre y madre estadounidense y casados entre sà ­padre o madre estadounidense casado con extranjeropadre estadounidense solteromadre estadounidense solteraEl progenitor estadounidense debe probar haber residido en EE.UU. antes del nacimiento del hijo.Es aconsejable solicitar el Certificado de Nacimiento en el Exterior y/o pasaporte estadounidense tan pronto como nazca el hijo. Ciudadanà ­a estadounidense para nacidos fuera de EE.UU. por aplicacià ³n del derecho de sangre Por el mero hecho de ser hijo de ciudadano estadounidense no està ¡ garantizada la ciudadanà ­a de EE.UU. Para obtenerla es necesario cumplir con una serie de requisitos, que varà ­an segà ºn el estado civil de los padres y si uno o ambos son estadounidenses Los dos padres son ciudadanos estadounidenses y son matrimonio Si tanto el padre y como la madre son ciudadanos de los Estados Unidos y està ¡n casados entre sà ­, todos los hijos de ese matrimonio nacidos fuera de EE.UU. son ciudadanos estadounidenses desde el momento del nacimiento del hijo. El à ºnico requisito que se pide es que siempre al menos uno de los padres hubiera tenido residencia en Estados Unidos o cualquiera de sus territorios antes del nacimiento de los hijos. En este caso no se pide un mà ­nimo de tiempo de residencia. El padre o la madre es estadounidense y està ¡ casado/a con una persona extranjero/a El hijo de este matrimonio es estadounidense desde el momento de su nacimiento siempre y cuando: el progenitor estadounidense ha residido en EEE.UU. mà ­nimo cinco aà ±osal menos dos de esos aà ±os los haya vivido tras cumplir los 14 aà ±os de edad. El padre es estadounidense y no està ¡ casado con la madre, que es extranjera Segà ºn la nueva Seccià ³n 309(a) de la Ley de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà ­a (INA, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) y que se ha modificado recientemente, el hijo nacido fuera de EE.UU de padre estadounidense y madre extranjera cuando ambos progenitores no està ¡n casados entre sà ­ es ciudadano estadounidense si se cumplen todas las exigencias siguientes: El padre ha residido en EE.UU. por al menos cinco aà ±os. Como mà ­nimo dos aà ±os de residencia tuvieron lugar despuà ©s de que el papà ¡ hubiera cumplido los 14 aà ±os de edad.Se debe probar de un modo convincente y que no deje lugar a dudas que el menor es hijo biolà ³gico de quien afirma ser su padre.El padre debe comprometerse por escrito a apoyar financieramente a su hijo mientras à ©ste es menor de 18 aà ±os de edad. Ademà ¡s, el padre deberà ¡ legitimar al hijo segà ºn una de las siguientes maneras: a) segà ºn las leyes del lugar de residencia; b) se puede presentar  documento donde una corte establezca que la relacià ³n filial entre el ciudadano americano y su hijo nacido en el extranjero o c) mediante una declaracià ³n jurada en la que se reconoce la filiacià ³n.   La legitimacià ³n debe haberse completado antes de que el menor cumpla los 18 aà ±os de edad. Cabe destacar que la ley cambià ³ recientemente para estos casos de transmisià ³n de ciudadanà ­a estadounidense. La vieja Seccià ³n 309 (a) exigà ­a mà ¡s tiempo de residencia en EE.UU. al padre pero permità ­a transmitir la ciudadanà ­a a un hijo hasta los 21 aà ±os de edad. Las personas nacidas fuera de EE.UU. hijas de padre estadounidense soltero que tenà ­an mà ¡s de 15 aà ±os pero menos de 18 a fecha del 14 de noviembre de 1986 pueden optar por pedir que se les aplique la seccià ³n vieja o la nueva, cualquiera que le sea mà ¡s conveniente. La madre es estadounidense y no està ¡ casada con el padre, que es extranjero Los nacidos el 11 junio de 2017 o antes adquieren la ciudadanà ­a estadounidense por su madre si à ©sta ha vivido en Estados Unidos o alguno de sus territorios de un modo corrido por al menos un aà ±o. Sin embargo, las reglas son distintas desde la sentencia de la Corte Suprema 137S. ct167 (2017) Sessions vs. Morales-Santana. Asà ­, en la actualidad, para que los nacidos fuera de EE.UU. con fecha posterior al 11 de junio de 2017 adquieran la ciudadanà ­a estadounidense, sus madres solteras deben cumplirse los mismos requisitos de tiempo residido en EE.UU. que aplican a los varones solteros. Es decir, deben haber residido al menos 5 aà ±os en los Estados Unidos de los cuales 2 tienen que ser despuà ©s de haber cumplido los 14 aà ±os. La madre es estadounidense y tiene un bebà © en el extranjero que genà ©ticamente no es suyo Los avances en la medicina permiten casos en los que una mujer puede recurrir a una donacià ³n de à ³vulos y asà ­ llevar adelante un embarazo y tener un hijo que no es suyo desde el punto de vista genà ©tico. Es lo que se conoce en inglà ©s con las iniciales ART. En estos casos, la madre podrà ¡ transmitir la ciudadanà ­a estadounidense al nià ±o siempre y cuando las leyes que aplican en el lugar del nacimiento reconozcan a la mujer como la madre legal del infante. Si eso es asà ­, luego aplicarà ¡n las reglas generales explicadas anteriormente: si la madre està ¡ soltera o casada y, si à ©ste es el caso, si lo està ¡ con un ciudadano, un nacional o un extranjero. Cà ³mo probar la residencia en Estados Unidos por el tiempo requerido No hay excepcià ³n a esta regla, no se conceden waivers. Se cumple el requisito si se ha vivido en cualquiera de los 50 estados que conforman la Unià ³n Americana o en uno de sus territorios: Puerto Rico, Guam, Islas Và ­rgenes Americanas, Islas Marianas del Norte, Samoa Americana y otras islas y atolones no habitados de forma permanente. Tambià ©n se  computa como tiempo vivido en los Estados Unidos  o uno de sus territorios el tiempo transcurrido en el extranjero en las siguientes situaciones: sirviendo en el Ejà ©rcito en condicià ³n de honorabilidadtrabajando para el gobierno de los Estados Unidos o ciertas organizaciones que pueden calificarsiendo hijo dependiente de una persona en cualquiera de las dos situaciones que se acaban de seà ±alar La prueba de residencia se realiza  llenando el formulario DS-5507 y presentando pruebas. Una parte de este formulario aplica sà ³lo a los padres varones no casados para cumplir con la obligacià ³n de comprometerse a mantener a sus hijos hasta los 18 aà ±os. Entre los documentos que se pueden aportar par aprobar la residencia destacan: Diplomas de estudios de liceo (high school) e incluso el yearbookCalificaciones de estudios universitarios (transcripts)Informes de la Administracià ³n de la Seguridad SocialRecibos de haber recibido un salarioPago de impuestos (tax returns)W2Pasaportes actuales o expirados con sellos de entradas y salidasInformes militaresRà ©cords mà ©dicos o de vacunasFotos familiaresY cualquier documento que sirva para probar la presencia continuada de una persona en Estados Unidos por el tiempo exigido. En general los oficiales de las oficinas consulares son flexibles con el tipo de documentacià ³n presentada, siempre que sirva a su fin y sea autà ©ntica. Està ¡n entrenados para detectar casos de fraude. Quà © hacer cuando un nià ±o estadounidense nace en el extranjero El padre o la madre estadounidense debe contactar lo mà ¡s pronto posible con la Embajada o Consulado que corresponda segà ºn el lugar de residencia y hacer una cita para solicitar solicitar un pasaporte estadounidense para el menor o un Reporte Consular de Nacimiento en el Exterior (Consular Report of Birth o CRBA, por sus siglas en inglà ©s). Tambià ©n se le conoce como FS-240. La forma a cumplimentar es la DS-2029. Tambià ©n es posible solicitar al mismo tiempo ambos documentos. Este Reporte Consular de Nacimiento en el Exterior se debe solicitar despuà ©s del nacimiento, tan pronto como sea posible. En todo caso, siempre antes de que el menor cumpla los 18 aà ±os de edad. No se emiten Consular Report of Birth a ninguna persona mayor de 18 aà ±os. Si no es posible hacer el trà ¡mite inmediatamente despuà ©s del nacimiento, deberà ¡ realizarse, en todo caso, antes del primer viaje del nià ±o o nià ±a a Estados Unidos. Si un menor tiene derecho a la ciudadanà ­a americana por padre o por madre no puede ni entrar ni salir de Estados Unidos con un pasaporte extranjero con visa ni sin visado bajo el amparo del Programa de Exencià ³n de visas. Cabe destacar que con el Reporte Consultar de Nacimiento no puede viajar internacionalmente. Deberà ¡ solicitarse para ese menor que es ciudadano su propio pasaporte. Para ello llenar la planilla DS-11, seguir las instrucciones y prepararse para presentarse con el infante en el consulado en la fecha y hora de la cita. Dà ³nde solicitar informacià ³n sobre ciudadanà ­a En caso de dudas, se puede contactar en inglà ©s con la Oficina de asuntos legales de Directorio de servicios para ciudadanos en el extranjero, del Departamento de Estado, escribiendo un correo electrà ³nico a ASKPRIstate.gov. Tambià ©n es posible contactar con el consulado u oficina consular que tiene competencia sobre el lugar en el que se reside habitualmente. Cambios relevantes en la leyes de Ciudadanà ­a El 31 de diciembre de 2010 el Departamento de Estado dejà ³ de emitir Certificados de Informe de Nacimiento (Certificate of Report of Birth, forma DS-1350). Ahora sà ³lo se emiten los Consular Report of Birth Abroad. Pero los Informes emitidos antes de esa fecha siguen siendo và ¡lidos y una prueba de identidad. Con anterioridad a 1978 las personas estadounidenses nacidas en el extranjero porque adquirieron la ciudadanà ­a a travà ©s de uno de sus padres acababan perdià ©ndola si no residà ­an por un tiempo en los Estados Unidos. Muchas personas dejaron de ser estadounidenses por esa razà ³n. En la actualidad podrà ­an recuperar  la ciudadanà ­a  y en muchos de los casos el à ºnico requisito a cumplir serà ­a prestar el juramento de lealtad a los Estados Unidos. Los interesados pueden contactar con el Departamento de Estado o preguntar a la embajada o consulado mà ¡s cercano. Casos en los que la ciudadanà ­a no se trasmite automà ¡ticamente En ocasiones la ciudadanà ­a se puede adquirir despuà ©s del nacimiento y antes de cumplir los 18 aà ±os por ser  hijo de estadounidense. Estos son los casos y los requisitos que se deben dar: Por adopcià ³nPor ser hijo de una persona que se convierte en ciudadana por naturalizacià ³n. Es lo que se conocà ­a como  ciudadanà ­a derivada.Por uno de los abuelos en el caso de ser hijo de estadounidense que no puede trasmitir la ciudadanà ­a por no cumplir con requisitos de residencia en Estados Unidos Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.